1. Announcements No office hours tomorrow (Wed. March 30) Homework 5 extra credit: –Find and plot additional tracks of Hurricane Ivan (after reaching its northeastmost point in U.S)

2. Lightning and Tornadoes North Dakota

3. Outline Finish lightning/thunderstorms Tornado Facts Formation and Conditions Needed Damage Levels U.S. Occurrences Examples

4. Electrification of Clouds Generally upper level of clouds - + charge Mid level - negative charge Lower level - mix of charge Why? Transfer of positive ions from warm to cold objects in collisions between ice droplets, water droplets

5. Upper level + Mid level - Lower level mix Note positive charge on high objects near cloud negative charges

6. Lightning Strike Unlike charges attract each other –Negative charges in cloud lead to positive charges on ground –Dense on high objects (trees, poles) Set up electric potential between cloud and ground When large enough, current flows - lightning

7. Lightning Facts Several strokes occur over ~1/2 second Travels over 6,000 miles/second Can produce very high temperatures (55,000 F) briefly –High temps cause air to expand, produce sound wave (thunder)

9. Deaths ~143 deaths per year in U.S. Ways to avoid –Stay inside house, car, truck –Outside, move to low place

11. Winds Can be straight-line or rotating (tornadoes) Straight-line winds can be 80-100 mph –Damage structures, trees –Duration can be hours

12. What are tornadoes? Rapidly rotating winds usually descending from thunderstorm Most violent storms with highest windspeeds Average U.S. fatalities ~100/year Common in Great Plains

13. Tornado Facts Typically ~100-600 m wide –Some up to 1 mile wide Speeds –Travel up to 62 mph (100 km/hr) –Wind speeds up to 300 mph (rare, but most deadly)

14. Formation Some details still unknown Tend to form with severe thunderstorms Appear to require additional component to cause shearing of thunderstorm cloud

15. Conditions Some same as needed for hailstorms –Northward flow of warm, moist air (Gulf of Mexico) –Cold dry air from Canada or Western U.S. Jet stream - key component for spinning the cloud –High enough that it starts top of cloud spinning, rest of cloud pushed by mid-level air motion

16. Key Components: Warm moist air Cold dry air Jet stream

17. Differences between Systems Single cell –Updrafts of warm air, downdrafts (rain) from condensing, cooling air

18. Differences between Systems Supercell thunderstorm –Updrafts on leading side: rain –Downdrafts on trailing side: rotating air packets that can form funnel clouds (tornadoes after hit ground) –Many have centers with rapidly upflowing air (sucks up material)

19. Importance of Rotation Not Coriolis force issue (feature too small to be affected) Once rotation starts, pulls into tight spiral –Speed increase –Smaller diameter, faster it spins

20. Structure of tornado Can be horizontal or vertical Winds vary within cloud –Highest a few 100 ft above ground Objects (trees, buildings, etc) cause friction, slows wind speed close to surface

21. Destruction from Tornadoes High speed winds –Damage to trees, buildings, etc Lifting force into funnel –Vehicles, people, other loosely attached objects Explosions due to extreme changes in air pressure –Very low pressures inside funnel, higher pressures outside the funnel

22. Measuring Damage Fujita Scale –Developed in 1060s –Based on wind speed damage

23. Fujita Scale Category F0: Light Damage (<73 mph); Some damage to chimneys; branches broken off trees; shallow-rooted trees pushed over; sign boards damaged. Category F1: Moderate Damage (73-112 mph); Peels surface off roofs; mobile homes pushed off foundations or overturned; moving autos blown off road. Category F2: Considerable Damage (113-157 mph); Roofs torn off frame houses; mobile homes demolished; boxcars overturned; large trees snapped or uprooted; light-object missiles generated; cars lifted off ground. Category F3: Severe Damage (158- 206 mph); Roofs and some walls torn off well-constructed houses, trains overturned; most trees in forest uprooted; heavy cars lifted off ground and thrown. Category F4: Devastating Damage (207- 260 mph); Well-constructed houses leveled; structure with weak foundations blown off some distance; cars thrown and large missiles generated. Category F5: Incredible Damage (261- 318 mph); Strong frame houses lifted off foundations and swept away; automobile sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 100 meters (109 yards); trees debarked; incredible phenomena will occur.

24. U.S. Occurrences For given year (1992) there were –696 F-0 –411 F-1 –129 F-2 –43 F-3 –13 F-4 –1 F-5 ** Note that these are very rare events

25. Where and When are Tornadoes Common in the U.S.? Where: interior of U.S. is tornado capital of the world –Why? Conditions there are great for formation

27. Thunderstorms hailstorms Tornado map doesn’t quite match the thunderstorm occurrence map, but is close to the hailstorm map. Why? Need cold dry air!

28. Deaths per state, 1950-1994

29. Where and When are Tornadoes Common in the U.S.? When: late spring, early summer –Varies, peak moves north during summer –Why? Conditions right during those months (key jet stream positioning)

30. Fatalities Common locations –Mobile homes No interior rooms for protection Weaker coupling to ground –Exterior rooms with windows Not as much protection as solid walls

31. Best Places to Ride out a Tornado Basement Interior closet, bathroom, hallway on lowest floor of a building If outside, find low point (ditch, streambed)

32. Predictions and Warnings # of deaths/decade is decreasing Why?

33. Prediction and Warning Less fatalities partially from building design Partially from development of warning systems –Tornado watch: conditions are right for events –Spotters, weather radar look for tornadoes –Warning issued after touchdown spotted Sirens Radio/TV broadcasts Can provide minutes of warning

34. Tri-State Tornado March 1925 Largest known single tornado (F-5) Lasted over 3.5 hours Traveled 219 miles through MO, IL, IN Swath of ~1 mile wide (widest recorded) 689 fatalities

35. Murphysboro: most fatalities Why so many fatalities? No warning system

37. 1974 Super-Outbreak Weather conditions collide –Cold front from Rockies –Low pressure moving east –Humid air over Gulf of Mexico –Polar jet stream down into TX –Dry air mass from SW moving towards low pressure Form inversion layer: dry air above moist air

38. 1974 Super-Outbreak Moist air breaks through to form huge thunderclouds Set spinning by jet stream, converging air masses 16 hours, 147 tornadoes in 13 states –6 were F-5 tornadoes –24 were F-4

39. F-5 Ohio F-4 Indiana

40. Ohio subdivision after 1974 Outbreak

41. Recent Tornado Activity in 2005 (from National Weather Service) Jan 13, 2005 The 2005 tornado season got off to an early start. A destructive F3 tornado moved across 20 miles of Union County, Arkansas from Junction City to Lawson. Two people were killed, both 83 years old, in separate mobile homes about a mile apart. About 30 homes were destroyed.Jan 13, 2005 January 13, 2005 In a different storm, a married couple died at Arlington, Early County, Georgia, when their mobile home was destroyed.January 13, 2005

42. Only in rural areas? NO! Can form in cities –Although they are small targets Recent (late 1990’s-2000) events include –F-5 in Oklahoma City (42 fatalities), F-4 in Wichita, KS; Cincinnati, OH (6-7 fatalities each)

43. Outbreak in Oklahoma had ~59 tornadoes Remote sensing satellite data shows swath hit by tornado near OK City

44. Waterspout Rotating column of air over large body of water –Can be a tornado that formed over land and then traveled over water –Some form over water: “fair weather” waterspouts Generally smaller diameter than average tornado, move more slowly, shorter duration

46. Next Time Hurricanes Part 1