2. WILBUR WRIGHT 1867-1912 ORVILLE WRIGHT 1871-1948

3. Question: As you ride in a jet airplane, the clouds are passing you at 600 mph. The air just in front of one of the huge jet engine intake ducts is traveling much faster than 600 mph. much slower than 600 mph. about 600 mph.

4. Observations About Airplanes They support themselves in the air They seem to follow their tilt, up or down They need airspeed to fly They can rise only so quickly Their wings often change shape in flight They have various propulsion systems

5. OVERVIEW HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AIRPLANES (PIONEERS OF AIRPLANES) BRILLIANT IDEA OF WRIGHT BROTHERS WRIGHT BROTHERS-INVENTING THE PLANE

6. PIONEERS OF AVIATION SIR GEORGE CAYLEY OTTO LILIENTHAL SAMUEL LANGLEY OCTAVE CHANUTE

7.  SIR GEORGE CAYLEY The Father of AVIATION

8.  OTTO LILIENTHAL The German Glider King

9.  OCTAVE CHANUTE Successfully Developed Man-Carrying Gliders

10.  SAMUEL LANGLEY Developed Aerodrome No-5 Powered by Steam-Engine

11. Positive Effect Airplanes make it easier for people to travel. Safe way to travel long distances. Quick way to travel from one place to another. Lets people see countries that they have never seen before. It’s a way that different cultures can be seen and learned. Allows leaders of countries to be able to communicate and have conferences. Helps the process of discussing buisness. Makes it easier for a client to travel.

12. Negative Effect Made wars more violent and deadly. Airplanes were used in national disasters such as the events that occurred on September 11,2001. Responsible for a great number of deaths throughout past wars. Are not 100% guaranteed to complete the flight. There have been many past instances of plane crashes and unexpected problems.

13. Cost Average cost of a 747 Boeing Commercial airplane is around 165 million dollars. Business or personal jets are around 35 million dollars. An average plane ticket from Boston to Florida is close to 200 dollars round trip. A flight from California to Miami in a private Jet can cost 10,000 dollars to 15,000 dollars.

14. Advances First airplane was a single engine, one seat plane that didn’t have a long flight time. Now a days, planes have multiple engines and can seat hundreds of people.

15. Advances The gas fuel tanks on an average commercial plane can hold a large amount of fuel In a 10 hour flight, a plane can burn through 36,000 gallons of fuel. That’s 5 gallons per fuel mile.

16. Future The future of airplanes brings a safer, faster, smarter and stronger way to fly an airplane. With new technology, flying may one day be as easy as driving a car.

17. Future NASA is starting to take their plans and build their products of the future. They are taking their new models and running them through wind tunnels and test benches. NASA has been reported saying that in the near future, there will be a release of PAV’s which stands for Personal Air Vehicles.

18. New Technology Future of Airplanes Jerry Carlow’s joined wing design Very precise and fast

19. Problems A major problem that can occur in an aircraft is wing failure. Corrosion is a common problem in aging aircrafts. If corrosion spreads throughout the airplane, most likely the airplane will be striped down to fix the problem.

20. Problems On December 19, 2005 there was a disaster where an airplane crashed into the open water. It was found out that there was an explosion in the wing due to a small crack. Structural failure is the cause for most airplane crashes.

21. What Causes an Airplane to Fly? The Bros. Push!

22. Newton’s Third Law For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. What does this have to do with flight?

23. Thrust The goal of a jet engine is to produce thrust. The engine pushes air molecules out the exhaust end of the turbine to generate a high speed jet of exhaust gas. THRUST!

24. Thrust from the engine moves the airplane forward.

25. Jet Engines, Part 1 Jet engines pump air toward rear of plane –Engine consists of an oval “ball” with a complicated duct or passageway through it –Air inside the duct exchanges pressure and speed repeatedly –Engine adds energy to air inside the duct

26. Jet Engines, Part 2 Air entering diffuser slows and pressure rises Compressor does work on air Fuel is added to air and that mixture is burned Expanding exhaust gas does work on turbine As exhaust leaves nozzle it speeds up and pressure drops

27. Jet Engines, Part 3 Turbojet moves too little air and changes that air’s speed too much Too much energy Too little momentum Turbofan moves more air and gives it less energy

28. Question: As you ride in a jet airplane, the clouds are passing you at 600 mph. The air just in front of one of the huge jet engine intake ducts is traveling 1.much faster than 600 mph. 2.much slower than 600 mph. 3.about 600 mph.

29. Drag As the plane moves forward the air around it creates a force called Drag. Drag resists the movement of the airplane. Drag is the same as friction!

30. Lift How does an airplane create lift? We can look to our fine feathered friends for the answer

31. Lift Air moves faster over the wing than underneath it. Because faster air exerts less pressure than slower moving air………………………..

32. Lift ……………....The pressure underneath the wings lifts the plane off the ground

33. Lifting Wing Under the wing, –air bends away from wing –pressure rises, speed drops Over the wing, –air bends toward wing –pressure drops, speed rises Wing experiences strong upward lift, little drag Wing pushes air down, air pushes wing up!

34. At Take-Off Wing starts with symmetric airflow Wing starts with no lift Airflow becomes unstable at the trailing edge bend The wing sheds a vortex After the vortex leaves, the wing has lift

35. Angle of Attack A wing’s lift depends on –shape of the airfoil –angle of attack Since wing is attached to plane body, the whole plane tilts to change angle of attack Too large an angle of attack causes the wing to “stall” – airflow separation

36. Stalled Wing Upper boundary layer stops heading forward Upper airstream detaches from wing’s top surface Lift is reduced Pressure drag appears Wing can’t support plane

37. Wing Shape Asymmetric airfoils produce large lifts –well suited to low-speed flight Symmetric airfoils produce small lifts –well suited to high-speed flight –can fly inverted easily High-speed planes often change wing shape in flight

38. Orientation Control Three orientation controls: –Angle of attack controlled by elevators –Left-right tilt controlled by ailerons –Left-right rotation controlled by rudder Steering involves ailerons and rudder Elevation involves elevators and engine

39. Airfoils Stunt Planes Supersonic Fighters Shallow angle of attack Steep angle of attack

40. Airplane Parts that Keep the Plane in the Air The tail wings are also commonly known as vertical and horizontal stabilizers. The tail assembly is also called the empennage. The rudder and elevators, on the tail wings, steer the plane side to side or up and down. The spoilers and ailerons have similar functions: to help keep the plane steady and to steer the plane from side to side.

41. More Plane Parts

42. Flight To stay in level flight the following relationships must be true; A) Lift = C) Weight B) Thrust = D) Drag

43. Test Your Knowledge ! Match term with letter. Weight Drag Lift Thrust A_______ B________ C________ D________

44.  BRILLIANT IDEA OF WRIGHT BROTHERS

45.  WRIGHT BROTHERS INVENTING THE AIRPLANE In 1899,Wilbur built this kite to test new type of Control System for an aircraft and it worked

46. THE FIRST FULLY CONTROLLABLE AIRCRAFT In 1902,this glider is Successful in ROLL, PITCH and YAW Controls

47. THE WRIGHT BROTHERS FIRST POWERED AIRCRAFT In 1903,they made the first sustained,controlledFlights in a powered Aircraft

48. THE WORLDS FIRST PRACTICAL AIRPLANE

49. Security Security provides a safe environment for aircrafts and all passengers both inside and outside of the plane. Security checkpoints are zones that everyone has to go through before boarding the plane. Flaws in security in the past have left tragedy and disaster. Any threats are immediately taken care of so things don’t get out of hand.

50. Use Commercial planes provide transportation for passengers from state to state and from country to country. Private jets are smaller planes that are a more expensive way to travel. Blimps are seen at local sporting events covering footage. Aircrafts used to transport people who are in danger or in need of a hospital.

51. Wars The first war to use air crafts was in World War I Since the first world war, almost every war after has used airplanes. Aircrafts transport troops as well as vehicles.

52. Wars The first war to use air crafts was in World War I Since the first world war, almost every war after has used airplanes. Aircrafts transport troops as well as vehicles.

53. Summary About Airplanes Airplanes use lift to support themselves Propulsion overcomes induced drag Speed and angle of attack affect altitude Extreme angle of attack causes stalling Propellers do work on passing airstream Jet engines do work on slowed airstream

54. Airplanes Considerations for long distance flights –Typically follow great circle routes –Some changes in routing associated with jet stream –Fly at altitudes of 30,000 to 40,000 ft –Speeds of roughly 500 mph –Visible from contrails, or from reflections during day –Visible from nav/warning lights at night

55. Navigation and warning lights on aircraft.

56. New York to London

57. Chicago to Paris

58. San Francisco to Tokyo

59. Comments on routes Large population in cities in N. Hemisphere –Great circle routes tend toward high latitudes –Even over the North Pole –Avoid equatorial regions –Largely East-West directionality –Incoming flights from Europe from NE to SW –Outgoing flights more depressed – WSW to ENE New England flights to Europe –Outgoing flights 6 PM – 9 PM –Incoming flights 12 PM-4 PM

60. Landing/takeoffs/holding/N.A routes Aircraft frequently make multiple turns on approach to urban airports –Still, landing/takeoffs will be approximately along lines radiating from local airports Holding patterns – aircraft go on long oval tracks Many N-S routes on the east and west coast Many E-W routes in great plains, rockies.

61. Shipping lanes Like airplane routes, they often follow great- circle routes However, are constrained by coastlines, canals, etc. Pattern of shipping also constrained more by manufacturing, natural resources (e.g. oil) and population centers. Attracting help from a passing ship is very difficult!

63. More Plane Parts

64. NASA Has this down! http://www.aero.hq.nasa.gov/edu/

65. Our Project Will have two parts …. –Part 1 Paper Airplanes –Part 2 Build by Number Model Airplanes

66. Paper Airplanes

67. Paper Airplanes & The Scientific/Design Method

68. Your Assignment You are going to practice the steps of the scientific method while conducting an experiment with paper airplanes. You will work as a team but each person must document the steps of the process on notebook paper to hand in. Title a piece of notebook Paper Airplanes Experiment. Don’t forget the correct heading.

69. Step 1: Think of an idea! Write Step 1: Think of an idea – paper airplanes on your paper. For your experiment – you will be given the first problem- Your problem to solve is: Which paper airplane will fly the furthest distance? Write the problem under step 1.

70. Step 2: Research your topic Your next step is to research paper airplanes. You will need to understand the science behind flight. On your paper write Step 2 – Research your topic List the following terms and find their definitions using the links on the next slide: lift, gravity, thrust, & drag. You also need to select 3 different airplane designs to create and test. Use the research you obtain to select the paper airplanes you will use

71. Paper Airplane Resources Learning about Flight Fun Paper Airplane Links Flying Tips Paper Airplane Links Paper Airplanes UK Best Paper Airplanes PaperAirplanes.org Best Paper Airplane in the World You can search keywords: Paper airplane, flight, distance, science of flight, etc.. Encarta

72. Documenting your research List the 3 websites on your paper you found the most helpful. List the names of the 3 paper airplane designs you will test and explain why you selected those designs. If there is no “name” write design #1, #2, or #3 and draw a picture of it.

73. Checklist for today Step 1- think of an idea: paper airplanes Problem: Which paper airplane will fly the furthest distance? Step 2: Research your topic or idea 4 definitions – gravity, lift, thrust, drag 3 websites 3 – 4 paper airplane designs

74. Creating Your Hypothesis Write your hypothesis on your paper: Hypothesis: We feel the __________ paper airplane design will fly the furthest because __________________.

75. Variables vs Control Write these on your paper Variable: Design of the plane Controls: Type of paper Temperature Wind Person throwing the plane

76. Materials On your paper write: Materials Under materials list all the materials you will need to conduct your experiment. –Be very specific – include the amount and type of everything you will need. –Paper type = 8 ½” x 11” sheet of computer paper –We will be using meter sticks to measure the distance –What else will you need?

77. Procedure Write Procedure and then list the step-by-step instructions to conduct your experiment. Before you start – think about how many times you will fly each plane, how will you measure the distance, etc.. Will you need to find the average distance of all the trials.

78. Checklist for today 3-4 final designs are selected Hypothesis Materials Procedure – your group must all have the same steps. If you finish – start your data collection chart – see next slide – your group must all use the same kind of chart

79. Collecting & Recording Data Create a data collection chart to use when conducting your experiment. An example of one is shown here 1 st attempt2 nd attempt3 rd attemptAverage Design #1 Design #2 Design #3

80. Graph your data What type of graph will you use – line, bar, circle? Is your graph correctly labeled with: –Title –X-axis labeled –Y-axis labeled –Units of measurements are labeled (in metric) –Proper scale – the appropriate high and low values –Data plotted correctly and clearly –Each set with a different color or symbol. –A legend is included

81. Write your Conclusion 1.Repeat your original hypothesis. 2.State whether your hypothesis was supported or not. Use the data you collected to defend your conclusion. (ex. Design #3 flew 40.3 meters, etc..) 3.List any unplanned variables or events that occurred while conducting your experiment. 4.Write a detailed explanation of the results including research and reflection.

82. Do you have everything? Heading Title 1. Step 1 2. Problem 3. Step 2 4. Definitions of lift, gravity, thrust, & drag 5. 3 websites 6. 3 designs 7. Hypothesis 8. Variable 9. Controls 10. Materials 11. Procedure 12. Data Collection Chart Graph Conclusion – all 4 parts

83. MODEL PLANES

84. Model Planes Read all directions in the Box You will recreate the drawings that come with the plane on CAD. –This is the time to maybe consider some design changes. –Your drawings will have a couple of drawings that you may seem a bit unusual. –All data from this portion will be included with the report you have should have already started. –You may place your data in an Excel sheet to make your chart GOOD LUCK and HAVE FUN!!