1. A Wood Primer A huge credit for much of the information in this presentation goes to Dr. Jim Swan who has worked with us at Compass Box to help us better understand the vital subject of wood maturation for the production of the best quality whisky. September 2005

2. Wood Primer Why Oak? But It’s Not Just the Oak… Three Effects of Oak on Spirit Constituents of Oak That Influence Spirit Air Seasoning, Toasting & Charring Oak Species Quality Measures

3. Introduction. Why Are the Winemakers Getting All the Good Wood?

4. Let’s Look at the Production Process for Top Quality Cooperage Oak

5. Sessile oak just arrived at the mill is cut to size.

6. The wood is cut to stave size immediately.

7. The staves are stacked, then (at the mill we use) air-seasoned for two years.

8. Finally, the staves are finished and formed into a barrel & toasted.

9. Why Oak? Because of its unique physical and chemical nature –Strength: Physically, its wide radial rays give strength when shaped into a cask –A Pure Wood: unlike pine or rubber trees with resin canals that give strong flavours –Pleasing Flavours: e.g., during coopering, pleasant-tasting flavours are produced

10. But It’s Not Just the Oak Itself… It’s the transformation of the oak by seasoning and heat treatments in the coopering process.

11. Three Effects of Oak on Spirit Additive Adds organoleptically desirable elements from the cask Eg, vanillin, oak lactone (coconut, bourbon character), toastiness, wood sugars, colour Subtractive Removes undesirable elements from new make spirit Eg, sulphur compounds, immaturity Interactive Adds extractive wood elements from the cask and converts them to organoleptically desirable elements, some via oxidation Eg, tannins to acetals; acetic acid to fruity esthers

12. Constituents of Oak and How They Influence Spirit Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Oak Tannins Lipids and Oak Lactones

13. Cellulose Virtually no effect other than to hold the wood together

14. Hemicellulose Consists of simple sugars that breakdown when heated and provide: –Body: by addition of wood sugars –Toasty & Carmelised Aromas & Flavours –Colour

15. Lignin Consist of the building blocks which yield (when heated): –Vanillin –Sweet smoky and spice aromas

16. Oak Tannins Play an essential role in maturation by enabling oxidation and the creation of delicate fragrance in spirits –Tannins combine with oxygen and other compounds in spirit to form (over time): acetals

17. Oak Tannins Help Form Acetals Acetals: –“Have a strongly ethereal influence on the product giving it delicacy and topnote…without it, spirits are dull and flat.” –Dr. Jim Swan * *International Barrel Symposium, Copyright Independent Stave Company, Inc 1998

18. Oak Lactones Resulting from compounds in the oak, they increase dramatically during toasting. –Strong woody, coconut character –Give Bourbon its distinctive character –Higher concentrations in American oak than European varieties

19. The Quality Measures for Cooperage Oak Species and Source Grain tightness –Function of slow growth versus fast growth… –…which is a function of forest growing conditions Seasoning: length and type Heat Treatment: type and quality of toasting, charring

20. Oak Species Of hundreds of oak species, just three are the main species used for wine and whisky cooperage: –Quercus alba, “White Oak” (America) –Quercus petraea, “Sessile Oak” (Europe) –Quercus robur, “Pedunculate Oak” (Europe)

21. Quercus alba, “White Oak” Known also as “American oak” The most commonly used variety in whisky cooperage More vanillan than European varieties High in lactones when toasted which provide woody and coconut flavours

22. Quercus petraea, “Sessile Oak” Found across Europe, notably in France Most commonly used for wine cooperage Slow growth, fine tannins and more vanilla (compared to Pedunculate) Most common species in Tronçais forest

23. Quercus robur, “Pedunculate Oak” Found across Europe, notably in France Commonly used for Cognac cooperage Commonly used for sherry cooperage Fast growth, more tannins, thus more oxidative characteristics in the matured products (compared to Sessile) Most common species in Limousin forest

24. Impact of Oak Growth Rate: Slower is Better Winemakers are convinced of the relationship between oak growth rates and the flavour and quality of their wines In whisky, this is not widely considered! Slow growth oak has more “good stuff”: especially vanillans and oak lactones

25. Air Seasoning: Vital to Make Quality Cooperage Oak Converts chemical compounds in wood to more desirable types Dries out the wood 24 months ideal for wine Whisky usually uses 6-12 months, sometimes less! Air Seasoning better than kiln drying –Reduces tannic astringency –Releases more vanillan

26. Toasting: Transforming the Flavours the Wood Can Give The level of toasting affects the spectrum of compounds and flavours the oak will provide: –Vanillans –Lactones –Toastiness –Spice characters –Tannins Different toasting techniques provide different toast levels and flavour profiles

27. Charring Whisky Casks: Further Transformation Including the All-Important Char Required by law for Bourbon Char (carbon) removes sulphur compounds and immaturity from new whisky spirit Typical: 40 seconds to 1 minute, but some experiment with up to 3-4 minutes Creates dramatic changes at surfaces; creates toasted layers beneath

28. A stand of Sessile oak in France.