1. Agriculture sector group output

2. SourceSLCPCo-benefitsBarriersGood practices Irrigated rice paddy CH4 Reduction in N2O Saving water High yield Drought/storm resistance Reduce conflict in water use Promoting R&D and conveying of findings to policy makers Control weeds and reliable Limited knowledge and understanding of the farmers Workable only for irrigated system Gain acceptance from farmers SRI Intermittent irrigation Support Rice initiative for CCAC ASEAN Environment

3. SourceSLCPCo-benefitBarrierGood practices Livestock (Manure Management) CH4, N2O Producing biogas Producing organic fertilizer Improve hygienic environment Prevent eutrophication Clean air Improve community relationship High investment for biogas production Requires land Knowledge and know- how for operation and maintenance of biogas facilities Biogas and compost at family scale Incentive/ subsidy for the construction of biogas facilities Support To demonstrate the best practices in regional and national workshops R&D and Environmental assessment & planning

4. SourceSLCPCo-benefitBarrierGood practices Livestock (Enteric fermentation) CH4, NH3 Better nitrogen management (i.e. less nitrates and ammonia) Promote R&D Proven technology Not enough emission data Lack of network for knowledge sharing Improve feedstock New Zealand and Australia Support CCAC network for like manure management Funding for R&D for emission inventory, mitigation options and EIA Green farm model

5. SourcesSLCPCo-benefitBarrierGood practices Open burning (crop residues) BC,OC, CO, O3 precursors, CH4 Biofuels, biogas production Organic fertilizer Better soil structure and soil health Potential carbon sequestration (e.g. production of bio- char) Better air quality and health Job creation (e.g. mushroom growing) Better well-being Less transportation accident (reduce visibility) Less fertilizer requirement Acceptance by the farmers Costs Know-how by the farmers Legislation may not be effective Treatment of bulky rice straw (i.e. collection and transportatio n for off-site use) Less crop cycles Creating awareness On-site treatment of crop residues (e.g. mechanical ploughing, bio-enzyme, etc.) Pyrolysis and gasification Support CCAC network to create greater awareness on the best practices Implementation of ASEAN Haze Agreement

6. SourcesSLCPCo-benefitBarrierGood practices Open burning (slash and burning – commercial scale) BC,OC, CO, O3 precursors, CH4 Better air quality (CO2 emission and PM) and health Better soil structure and soil health Potential carbon sequestration (e.g. production of bio- char) Biodiversity and forest conservation Better well-being Less transportation accident (reduce visibility) Costs Farmers’ resistance to change Legislation and enforcement may not be effective Transparent supply chain (big agro- companies) Sustainable financing Creating awareness Sustainable farming / land and forest clearing practices (e.g. mechanical clearing of land) Greater penalty for company Sharing of enforcement information ASEAN HMS Support CCAC network to create greater awareness on the best practices Implementation of ASEAN Haze Agreement

7. SourcesSLCPCo-benefitBarrierGood practices Open burning (slash and burning – commercial scale) BC,OC, CO, O3 precursors, CH4 Better air quality (CO2 emission and PM) and health Better soil structure and soil health Potential carbon sequestration (e.g. production of bio- char) Biodiversity and forest conservation Better well-being Less transportation accident (reduce visibility) Costs Farmers’ resistance to change Legislation and enforcement may not be effective Transparent supply chain (big agro- companies) Sustainable financing Creating awareness Sustainable farming / land and forest clearing practices (e.g. mechanical clearing of land) Greater penalty for company Sharing of enforcement information Support CCAC network to create greater awareness on the best practices Implementation of ASEAN Haze Agreement

8. SourcesSignificance of source Feasibility for region RiceSig in irrigated systems Yes in irrigated systems and appropriate cultivars available ManureNot large emission in region currently but meat consumption set to grow Yes biogas can be cheaper than alternatives, relatively easy to set up at small scale, can have community gas projects etc Enteric FermentationLarger than manure Need clarity over technology and need knowledge and awareness raising Crop Residue - Open Burning Large Feasible (Thailand) Slash and burnLarge Very Challenging