1.  0, ,  + exclusive electroproduction on the proton at CLAS on the proton at CLAS

4. ,

5. Regge theory: Exchange of families of mesons in the t-channel

7. Regge theory: Exchange of families of mesons in the t-channel M(s,t) ~ s  (t) where  (t) (trajectory) is the relation between the spin and the (squared) mass of a family of particles M->s  (t)  tot ~1/s x Im(M(s,t=0))->s  (0)-1 [optical theorem]  tot d  /dt s t d  /dt~1/s 2 x |M(s,t)| 2 ->s  (t)-2 ->[e  (t)lns(s) ]

8. ,

9. , Q 2 >>

10. ,

11. Some signatures of the (asymptotic) « hard » processes:  L /  T ~Q 2  J  ~9/1/2/8  L ~1/Q 6  T ~1/Q 8  ~|xG(x)| 2 Q 2 dependence: W (or x B ) dependence: (for gluon handbag) Ratio of yields: (for gluon handbag) Saturation with hard scale of  P (0), b, … SCHC : checks with SDMEs

12. H1, ZEUS, Q 2 >> H1, ZEUS CLAS HERMES COMPASS + « older » data from: E665, NMC, Cornell,…

13. H1, ZEUS, Q 2 >> H1, ZEUS CLAS HERMES COMPASS + « older » data from: E665, NMC, Cornell,…

15. Ratios  J  ~ 9/1/2/8    1/sqrt(2){|uu>-|dd>}  1/sqrt(2){|uu>+|dd>}   Ratio  =9

16. For W>5 GeV, good indications that the “hard”/pQCD regime is reached/dominant for is reached/dominant for  2 =(Q 2 +M V 2 )/4 ~ 3-5 GeV 2. Data are relatively well described by GPD/handbag approaches Great, one can hope to learn about the gluon (transverse) spatial distribution in the nucleon, the gluon orbital momentum contribution to the nucleon spin, etc…

17. H1, ZEUS, Q 2 >> H1, ZEUS CLAS HERMES COMPASS

18. Exclusive  0,   electroproduction on the proton @ CLAS6 on the proton @ CLAS6 S. Morrow et al., Eur.Phys.J.A39:5-31,2009 (  0 @5.75GeV) J. Santoro et al., Phys.Rev.C78:025210,2008 (  @5.75GeV) L. Morand et al., Eur.Phys.J.A24:445-458,2005 (  @5.75GeV) C. Hadjidakis et al., Phys.Lett.B605:256-264,2005 (  0 @4.2 GeV) K. Lukashin et al., Phys.Rev.C63:065205,2001 (  @4.2 GeV) } e1-b (1999) } e1-6 (2001-2002) A. Fradi, Orsay Univ. PhD thesis (   @5.75 GeV) } e1-dvcs (2005) F.-X. Girod

19. Exclusive  0 electroproduction

20. e1-6 experiment (E e =5.75 GeV) (October 2001 – January 2002)

21. ep  ep  + (  - ) Mm(epX) Mm(ep  + X) e p ++  - )

22. 1) Ross-Stodolsky B-W for  0 (770), f 0 (980) and f 2 (1270) with variable skewedness parameter, 2)  ++ (1232)  +  - inv.mass spectrum and  +  - phase space. Background Subtraction

23. IM(p  + )

24. IM(p  - )

25. V. Mokeev 2  e-prod model Working up to W=1.8 GeV up to Q 2 ~1.5 GeV 2

27. J-M. Laget 2  e-prod model +f 0 + f 2

28.  +f 0 + f 2  all (incl.  0 ) Good description of CLAS,SLAC data Laget model: Photoproduction

29. Laget model: Electroproduction CLAS data Laget model

30. At the time of the analysis (~2008), radiative corrections were treated as averaged over M  +  -, i.e. only as a function of (x B, Q 2 ) Relatively small effect on  0 cross sections as the “distortion” of the M  +  - spectrum was “absorbed” in the effective  +  - continuum background subtraction (also ~25% syst. uncertainty was included) M  +  - (GeV) However, current more refined re-analysis of these data (B. Garillon, aimed at f 0 and f 2 analysis, see talk on Saturday) show that there is a M  +  - -dependence  f0f0 f2f2

31. 1) Ross-Stodolsky B-W for  0 (770), f 0 (980) and f 2 (1270) with variable skewedness parameter, 2)  ++ (1232)  +  - inv.mass spectrum and  +  - phase space. Background Subtraction

32.    (  * p  p  0 ) vs W

33. d  /dt (  * p  p  0 ) Fit by e bt Large t min ! (1.6 GeV 2 )

34. Angular distribution analysis, cos  cm Relying on SCHC (exp. check to the ~25% level)

35. Longitudinal cross section  L  (  * L p  p  L 0 )

36. Interpretation “a la Regge” : Laget model  *p  p  0  *p  p   *p  p  Free parameters: *Hadronic coupling constants: g MNN *Mass scales of EM FFs: (1+Q 2 /  2 ) -2

37. Regge/Laget  L (  * L p  p  L 0 ) Pomeron ,f 2

38. VGG GPD model +

39. GK GPD model +

40. H, H, E, E (x,ξ,t) ~~ x+ξx-ξ t γ, π, ρ, ω… -2ξ x ξ-ξ-ξ +1 0 Quark distribution q q Distribution amplitude Antiquark distribution “ERBL” region“DGLAP” region W~1/  ERBLDGLAP

41. DDs + “(fitted) meson exchange” DDs w/o “meson exchange” (VGG) “(fitted) meson exchange”

42. Comparison of cross sections is model-dependent: k perp dependence ansatz, model for GPDs,…  L /  T ~Q 2  L ~1/Q 6  T ~1/Q 8 Q 2 dependence: Saturation with hard scale of b SCHC : checks with SDMEs  J  ~9/1/2/8  ~|xG(x)| 2 W (or x B ) dependence: Ratio of yields: Some signatures available for gluon handbag are not relevant for quark handbag: Model-independent features:

43. CLAS@6 GeV S. Morrow et al., Eur.Phys.J.A39:5-31,2009 (  0 @5.75GeV)

44. b (from e bt ) as a function of Q 2 (be careful of correlation with W)  L /  T as a function of Q 2 (be careful of correlation with W)

45. Exclusive    electroproduction at CLAS12 CLAS12 proposal PR12-11-103 Q 2 range at 6 GeV Q 2 range at 12 GeV

47.    decay angular distribution (polar angle  cm ) CLAS12 proposal PR12-11-103 purely statistical error bars statistical error bars +10% systematic

48. Exclusive  electroproduction

49. ep->ep       

50. cos(  cm ) distribution  cm distribution

51. Laget Regge model for  *p  p  Cross section  (  * p  p  Laget  T +  L Laget  L VGG  L (H&E) Issue with GPD approach if  0 exchange dominant :  0 ->E E subleading in handbag for VM production (GK includes  0 exchange with k perp effects) ~ ~ while DESY data CORNELL data

52. Cross section  (  * p  p  Comparison with GPD calculation (VGG)

53. Exclusive  + electroproduction (A. Fradi’s thesis) Slow but steady progress towards publication ! towards publication !

54. ++ e  - ) (p)   One event in CLAS e p  e’ [n]    e’ [n]  +  0  e’ [n]    Channel selection IC EC

55. Invariant mass IM(  +  0 )

56. Invariant mass IM(n  0 ) Invariant mass IM(n  + )

57. Invariant mass IM(  +  0 )

58. PRELIMINARY Total cross section  Q 2,x B )  +

59. Laget Regge “hadronic” approach Laget Regge “hadronic” approach + ++ ++ ++ n ++ n GPD “partonic” approach GPD “partonic” approach +L+L H, E ρ0ρ0ρ0ρ0 e u H u - e d H d e u E u - e d E d  e u H u + e d H d e u E u + e d E d ρ+ρ+ρ+ρ+ H u - H d E u - E d

60. “Hadronic approach”: Laget model ++ 00

61. “Hadronic approach” Laget model does not reproduce the drop of d  /dt for t →0 PRELIMINARY

62. (*) “Partonic approach”: GPDs GPDs 00 VGG GPD model GK GPD model ++ GPDs p n LL  e e’e’

63. GPDs model agrees fairly with the data at low x B (high W) GPDs model misses the data at high x B (low W) (*) “Partonic approach”: GPDs Only H in this calculation

64. (*) Hint of GPD E dominance The GPD E reproduces the drop of d  /dt for t →0

65. L. Morand et al., Eur.Phys.J.A24:445-458,2005 (  @5.75GeV) C. Hadjidakis et al., Phys.Lett.B605:256-264,2005 (  0 @4.2 GeV) K. Lukashin, Phys.Rev.C63:065205,2001 (  @4.2 GeV) J. Santoro et al., Phys.Rev.C78:025210,2008 (  @5.75GeV) S. Morrow et al., Eur.Phys.J.A39:5-31,2009 (  0 @5.75GeV)     A. Fradi, Orsay Univ. PhD thesis, 2009 (   @5.75GeV) (preliminary)

66. Comparison of t-slope for    channels at 6 GeV

67. VMs (  0,  ) the only exclusive process [with DVCS] measured over a W range of 2 orders of magnitude (  L,T, d  /dt, SDMEs,…) At low energy (W<5 GeV), success of “hard” approach for the  channel ( nucleon gluon imaging) but large failure for the  0,  + channels. This is not understood. Why the GPD/handbag approach sould set at much larger Q 2 for valence quarks ? Are the widely used GPD parametrisations in the valence region completely wrong ? JLab12 PR12-11-103 proposal: broader phase space, check when Q 2 independence settles for a variety of observables At high energy (W>5 GeV), transition from “soft” to “hard” (  2 scale) physics relatively well understood (further work needed for precision understanding/extractions) handbag interpretation and nucleon imaging handbag interpretation and nucleon imaging

68. W~1/  GPDs/handbag GPDs/handbag ???