1. CoolSpots Yuvraj Agarwal, CSE, UCSD Trevor Pering, Intel Research Rajesh Gupta, CSE, UCSD Roy Want, Intel Research

2. CoolSpots Motivation: Wireless Power Is a Problem! Power breakdown for a fully connected mobile device in idle mode, with LCD screen and backlight turned off. Depending on the usage model, the power consumption of emerging mobile devices can be easily dominated by the wireless interfaces!

3. CoolSpots Many devices already have multiple wireless interfaces… PDA’s HP h6300 (GSM/GPRS, BT, 802.11) Mobile Phones - Motorola CN620 (BT, 802.11, GSM) Laptops (Wi-Fi, BT, GSM, …) Opportunity: Devices With Multiple Radios These radios typically function as isolated systems, but what if their operation was coordinated to provide a unified network connection?

4. CoolSpots Properties of Common Radio Standards Higher throughput radios have a lower energy/bit value … have a higher idle power consumption …and they have different range characteristics!

5. CoolSpots Low-power Access Within a WiFi Hot-spot Wi-Fi HotSpot Mobile Device (e.g., cell-phone) CoolSpots

6. Your entire house would be covered by a WiFi HotSpot… Your TV would be a Bluetooth-enabled CoolSpot!

7. CoolSpots WiFi Active CoolSpots implement inter-technology power management on top of intra-technology techniques to realize better power & performance than any single radio technology. WiFi Active WiFi PSM WiFi Active BT Active WiFi Active BT Sniff BluetoothWi-Fi CoolSpots Inter/Intra Technology Power Management 264 mW990 mW81 mW5.8 mW

8. CoolSpots CoolSpots Network Architecture Infrastructure Computers CoolSpot Access Point BTWiFi BTWiFi Mobile Device IP address on Backbone Subnet Low-power Bluetooth link (always maintained, when possible) 1 Mobile device monitors channel and implements switching policy 2 WiFi link is dynamically activated based on switching determination 3 Access point changes routing table on “switch” message from mobile device 4 Switching is transparent: applications always use the IP address of the local subnet. 5 Backbone Network

9. CoolSpots Switching Overview Three main components contribute to the behavior of a multi-radio system: where, what, and when Position: Where you are Need to address the difference in range between Bluetooth and WiFi Benchmarks: What you are doing Application traffic patterns greatly affect underlying policies Policies: When to switch interfaces A non-intrusive way to tell which interface to use

10. CoolSpots Where: Position Bluetooth and WiFi have very different operating ranges! (approx. 10m vs. 100m) Optimal switching point will depend on exact operating conditions, not just range Experiments and (effective) policies will measure and take into account a variety of operating conditions Position 1 Position 3 Bluetooth channel capacity depends on range, so the further away you are, the sooner you need to switch… Base Station In some situations, Bluetooth will not be functional and WiFi will be the only alternative Position 2

11. CoolSpots What: Benchmarks Baseline: target underlying strengths of wireless technologies Idle: connected, but no data transfer Transfer: bulk TCP data transfer WWW: realistic combination of idle and data transfer conditions Idle: “think time” Small transfer: basic web-pages Bulk transfer: documents or media Video: range of streaming bit-rates varying video quality 128k, 250k, 384k datarates Streaming data, instant start

12. CoolSpots When: Policies The switching policy determines how the system will react under different operating conditions bluetooth-fixed (using sniff mode) wifi CAM (normalization baseline) wifi-fixed (using PSM) bandwidth-Xcap-static-Xcap-dynamic kbps > X kbps < X time > Y kbps < ZZ = kbps Use WiFi Channel Use Bluetooth Channel

13. CoolSpots Experimental Setup Characterize power for WiFi and BT –Multiple Policies –Different locations –Suite of benchmark applications Stargate research platform –400Mhz processor, 64MB RAM, Linux –Allows detailed power measurement Tested using “today’s” wireless: –WiFi is NetGear MA701 CF card –Bluetooth is a CSR BlueCore3 module Use the geometric mean to combine benchmarks into an aggregate result Moved devices around on a cart to vary channel characteristics Test Machine (TM) Base Station (BS) RM Mobile Device (MD) SP Data Acquisition (DA) ETH BT WiFi mW Distance adjustment ETH = Wired EthernetmW = Power Measurements BT = Bluetooth WiFi = WiFi Wireless RM = Route ManagementSP = Switching Policy Benchmark suite

14. CoolSpots Switching Example: MPEG4 streaming Switch : Wi-Fi -> BT Bluetooth Wi-Fi - Simple bandwidth policy - Switch from WiFi to BT when application has buffered enough data Demonstrates how switching is transparent to unmodified applications!

15. CoolSpots Results Overview (Intermediate Location) blue-fixed does well in terms of energy but at the cost of increased latency cap-dynamic does well in terms of both energy and increased latency

16. CoolSpots Impact of Range/Distance Missing data indicates failure of at least one application, and therefore an ineffective policy!

17. CoolSpots Results across various benchmarks wifi-fixed consumes lowest energy for data transfer, any bluetooth policy for idle Overall, cap-dynamic does well taking into account energy and latency Video benchmarks really highlight problems with wifi-fixed and bandwidth-x

18. CoolSpots Cap-Dynamic Switching Policy Switch up based on measured channel capacity (ping time > Y) Remember last seen Bluetooth bandwidth (Z=kbps) Switch down based on remembered bandwidth (kbps < Z) cap-dynamic policy time > Y kbps < Z Z = kbps

19. CoolSpots Switching Policies – Analysis “Wifi-Fixed” Policy (WiFi in Power Save Mode) – Works best for as-fast-as-you-can data transfer – Higher power consumption, especially idle power “Blue-Fixed” Policy –Very low idle power consumption –Increases total application latency, fails at longer ranges “Bandwidth” Policy –Static coded bandwidth thresholds, fails to adapt at longer ranges –Switches too soon (bandwidth-0) or switches too late (bandwidth-50) “Capacity-Static” Policy –Estimates channel capacity and uses that to switch up –Fails at longer ranges due to incorrect switch-down point “Capacity-Dynamic” Policy –Dynamic policy, remembers the last seem switch-up bandwidth –Performs well across all benchmarks and location configurations!

20. CoolSpots Conclusions A dynamic system can leverage the different underlying radio characteristics to reduce communication energy while still maintaining good performance Advanced policies can adapt well to changing operating conditions –Application behavior –Radio link quality Evaluation of CoolSpots policies shows around a 50% reduction in energy consumption over the present power management scheme in WiFi (PSM) across a range of situations

21. CoolSpots Thank you! Questions?