1. 1 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Audio Codecs Miikka Vilermo Nokia Research Center – Audio Visual Systems Laboratory

2. 2 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Introduction Codecs evolve and new technologies emerge. What can we do with all these codecs? Will the emerging technologies change the ”status quo”? What do people want?

3. 3 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Audio Codecs Recent technical advances Existing and emerging codecs How good is good enough? – Codec requirements. Important issues outside today’s presentation One case closed and another reopened (if time) Questions

4. 4 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Recent Technical Advances Spectral Band Replication (SBR) Binaural Cue Coding (BCC) Integer-to-Integer Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (INTMDCT)

5. 5 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Spectral Band Replication (SBR) SBR is one method of Bandwidth Extension (BWE). BWE is a class of methods to increase the perceived bandwidth without using many bits. Psychoacoustics… SBR was introduced by Coding Technologies. The technology is applicable to any coder. Eg: AAC+, MP3Pro Achieves very high quality @ 48 kbps stereo. SBR has been standardized as High Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding (HE- AAC).

6. 6 © NOKIA Audio Codecs High-level block diagram of the SBR incorporated to an audio encoder (a) and audio decoder (b). (Juha Ojanperä)

7. 7 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Block diagram of the SBR encoder module combined with AAC core encoder. (Juha Ojanperä, Miikka Vilermo)

8. 8 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Example of the time/frequency grid of the SBR. (Juha Ojanperä, Miikka Vilermo)

9. 9 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Binaural Cue Coding (BCC) Traditional multichannel coding requires “the number of channels” x “mono bitrate” kbps. Without specific matrixing, traditional multichannel coding is restricted to a certain number of channels e.g. 5.1 and speaker placement. Binaural Cue Coding (BCC) has two versions: flexible rendering and natural rendering In flexible rendering the original multichannel input is downmixed to (usually) one channel and the spatial information is sent as one separate low bitrate parametric stream. The decoder then renders as many channels as are needed based on the parameterised spatial image. The decoder can also apply Head Related Transfer Functions (HRTF’s) to create surround headphone playback. In natural rendering one parameterised stream of spatial information is created for each of the original channels. This increases the bitrate and limits rendering options in the decoder, but also improves quality. BCC can also be used as parametric stereo.

10. 10 © NOKIA Audio Codecs BCC continued Typical parameters for BCC are: Inter-Channel Level Difference (ICLD) Inter-Channel Time Difference (ICTD) Inter-Channel Correlation (ICC) Parameters are applied on critical bands. BCC is based on the assumption that on every critical band the dominant source defines the spatial perception. BCC doesn’t suffer from unmasking effects since the quantization noise is automatically rendered to the same direction as the source.

11. 11 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Integer-to-Integer Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (INTMDCT) Lossy coding is important, but how could you extend that to lossless coding? Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT) is the most popular audio coding transform, but losslessly coding floating point values is difficult. Integer-to-Integer Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (INTMDCT) is similar to MDCT but if the input is integers then the output is integers too. It is possible to create an integer version of any transform where the transform matrix can be expressed as a product of matrices that have ones in the diagonal and all other elements are zero except in either one row or column.

12. 12 © NOKIA Audio Codecs INTMDCT Continued Givens rotations (butterfly operations) can be expressed as such matrices. Thus all matrices that can be expressed in Givens rotations can be used as basis for an integer transform. MPEG has an ongoing standardisation on lossless coding. INTMDCT was a basis for that work.

13. 13 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Block diagram of scalable lossless INTMDCT enhanced perceptual codec

14. 14 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Existing and Emerging Codecs Internet codecs Multichannel codecs Lossless codecs Low delay codecs New codecs Others

15. 15 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Internet Codecs MP3 MPEG-1 layer 3 largest user base near CD-quality can be over 192 kbps for difficult material Ogg Vorbis open source claimed to be IPR free quality around mp3 but varies greatly between samples AAC MPEG 2 and 4 lowest bitrate for CD-quality near CD-quality around 128 kbps even for difficult material Quicktime and RealAudio use AAC for high bitrates Windows Media proprietary large user base through windows better than mp3, WMA9 comes close to AAC in quality includes lossless and multichannel coding

16. 16 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Internet Codecs Continued RealAudio uses AAC for high bitrates proprietary low bitrate codecs, the same as in earlier versions proprietary multichannel codecs built for streaming ATRAC proprietary ATRAC3plus for low bitrates (<=64kbps) ATRAC3 for high bitrates mp3 like quality in high bitrates better than AAC at low bitrates

17. 17 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Multichannel Codecs Windows Media9 and RealAudio10 include multichannel coding, AAC and AAC+ support multichannel coding AC3 (Audio Coding, Dolby) proprietary largest installed user base quality close to mp3 production point of view taken into account DTS (Digital Theater Systems) proprietary high bitrate, high quality MLP (Meridian Lossless Packing) proprietary lossless SDDS (Sony Dynamic Digital Sound) proprietary based on ATRAC

18. 18 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Lossless Codecs Compression ratios 1/3-1/2 depending on the material FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Coding) free Monkey’s Audio free Windows Media Many others exist MPEG has an ongoing standardization work

19. 19 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Low-Delay Codecs G.722 based teleconferencing codecs low quality, enough for speech @ 64kbps AAC-LC MPEG 4 Quality better than mp3 Most ordinary codecs not good enough for two-way communications, especially AAC+ has a very high delay

20. 20 © NOKIA Audio Codecs New Codecs Spectral Band Replication AAC+ = MPEG HE-AAC, very high quality around 48kbps mp3+ AMR-WB+ (Adaptive Multi-Rate WideBand, Nokia) good quality around 24kbps optional codec in 3GPP alongside with AAC+ Discreet multichannel AAC+ discreet 5.1 @ 128kbps E-AC3 (Enhanced Audio Coding, Dolby) Binaural Cue Coding mp3 surround 192kbps (FhG, Agere) HE-AAC surround 64kbps, supposedly better than AC-3 at ???kbps MPEG standardization about to start Spectral Band Replication & Binaural Cue Coding E-AAC+ (Enhanced AAC+, FhG, CT, Philips)

21. 21 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Other Codecs SBC (Sub Band Coding) used with bluetooth low complexity, low power near CD quality @ 320 kbps Dolby-E multichannel synchronous with video frames high bitrates, but studied tandem coding quality

22. 22 © NOKIA Audio Codecs How Good Is Good Enough? – Codec Requirements Many users are happy with 128kbps mp3, but others or moving to 192kbps mp3 iTunes AAC 128 is near CD-quality but not fully transparent. However, this seems to be enough judging by the popularity of the service. On the other hand, RealAudio AAC 192 is practically transparent. Personally AAC 320 kbps is enough but then lossless codecs are close at 700 kbps. Some Internet music services offer songs with lossless compression. One unanswered question is: What is enough for streaming? Streaming over fixed line at 128kbps can be achieved. But how about wireless links: 3G, WLAN, bluetooth? And in many cases there has to be room for video.

23. 23 © NOKIA Audio Codecs How Good Is Good Enough? – Codec Requirements Contd. Delay usually high efficiency means long delay, AAC+ is a prime example Will multichannel become important? Error resilience is a must in wireless applications Scalability would be useful, some new ideas presented recently by A. Aggarwal Editability Transcoding is a sin! Reversible codecs High enough bitrate

24. 24 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Important Issues Outside Today’s Presentation DMR (Digital Rights Management) usability parametric coding

25. 25 © NOKIA Audio Codecs One Case Closed and Another Reopened (if time) Louder Sounds Can Produce Less Forward Masking: Effects of Component Phase in Complex Tones, Gockel et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 114, No. 2 August 2003 Near-optimal selection of encoding parameters for audio coding, Aggarwal et Al., IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, (ICASSP '01), 7-11 May, 2001. Proceedings, Volume 5, Pages: 3269 – 3272. M.Wolters, ‘A closer look into MPEG-4 high efficiency AAC’, 115th AES Convention, New York, NY, Oct.2003

26. 26 © NOKIA Audio Codecs Conclusion Existing codecs have matured and added new features For most needs there already is a codec Emerging codecs make possible good quality stereo @ 48kbps and 5.1 multichannel @ 64kbps User requirements are still a question

27. 27 © NOKIA Audio Codecs