1. Warm-Up / EOC Prep
1. A segment of a DNA strand has the following bases: TAC GAT What is the complementary strand of DNA? A. UAG CAU B. TAG CAT C. ATG CTA D. AUG CUA 2. Which relationship is most similar to the relationship below? tRNA : ribosome A. book : publisher B. truck : factory C. key : lock D. baker : pie

2. Agenda Warm-up Notes- Mutations Mutation Practice WS
BINGO (If we have time)
DNA Quiz
Clean-up
Cool-Down

3. Mutations and Gene Regulation

4. Remember: In Eukaryotes, DNA is found in the nucleus.
For the most part, all of the cells in an organism’s body have the same DNA. However, we have learned in the past that cells are specialized for specific tasks and parts of the body.
How can they be specialized but have the exact same DNA, the exact same instructions?

5. Cell differentiation is the way that cells become different from each other as they go through mitosis.
At first, all cells are the same and are not specialized. These cells are called stem cells.
As they grow and divide they become differentiated and specialized into heart cells, brain cells, liver cells, etc.

6. The differentiation of cells, despite the fact that all cells have the same DNA, occurs due to gene regulation. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells can regulate which genes are expressed and which are not, depending on the cell’s needs.

7. Cell Organization Review
Specialized cells have specific jobs.
A group of similar cells working together to perform the same function is called a tissue.
Ex: muscle, epithelial, connective, nervous
A group of similar tissues working together to perform the same function is called an organ
Ex: heart
A group of similar organs working together to perform the same function is called an organ system.
Ex: circulatory system

8. The four levels of organization:
Cell

9. 2. Tissue
Four types: muscle, connective, epithelial, nervous

10. 3. organ

12. 4. organ
system

13. As different cells respond to the environment they produce different types and amounts of proteins by “turning on” some genes and “turning off” other genes.
Remember: A gene is a segment of DNA located on a chromosome that codes for a specific hereditary trait.
This protein production is what specializes different cells for different jobs.

14. Turning on and off genes can be an advantage or a disadvantage to the cell. Gene regulation can cause the overproduction or underproduction of proteins as well as the production of proteins at incorrect times.
An overproduction of proteins can cause cancer (the uncontrolled growth of cells), however, overproduction of proteins can also help the body, such as in injury repair

16. Just like poor gene regulation, mutations can also cause problems in cells.

17. A mutation is a change in the nucleotide- base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule
When the cell copies its DNA, the enzyme DNA polymerase is in charge of proofreading the new DNA strand for errors. If it makes an error and doesn’t correct it, a mutation occurs.

18. Mutations can disrupt the functions of proteins.

19. Examples DNA: TAC-GGC-GAG-TAG-CCT RNA: AUG-CCG-CUC-AUC-GGA
AA: Met - Pro -Leu -Iso -Gly
These amino acids in this order make up a specific protein that is needed by the body.

20. Examples
If one DNA nucleotide is changed, look what happens to the protein…
DNA: TAC-GTC-GAG-TAG-CCT
RNA: AUG-CAG-CUC-AUC-GGA
AA: Met - Glu -Leu -Iso -Gly
Now a point mutation has been made, or perhaps an amino acid sequence that is different and will do nothing.

21. Examples
A different type of mutation can occur called a frame-shift mutation. What would happen if DNA Polymerase accidently removed one of the nucleotides in the original DNA sequence?
DNA: TAC-GGC-GAG-TAG-CCT
DNA: TAC-GGC-AGT-AGC-CT
RNA: AUG-CCG-UCA-UCG-GA
AA: Met - Pro -Ser -Ser X

22. Types of Mutations Gene Mutations
Point Mutation (not serious usually)
Frame Shift Mutations (serious)
Insertion Deletion
Chromosome Mutations (all very serious)
Deletion Insertion
Inversion
Translocation

23. Types of Gene Mutations

25. Types of Chromosome Mutations

26. REVIEW
What is a mutation?

27. A change in a nucleotide base sequence

28. Name that mutation:
THE CAT SAT THE TAC SAT

29. Inversion

30. Name that mutation:
THE CAT SAT  THE CT SAT

31. Deletion

32. Name that mutation:
THE CAT SAT  THE CATTA SAT

33. Insertion

34. Name that mutation:
THE CAT SAT  ITH ECA TSA

35. Frameshift mutation

36. Mutation Practice If your birthday is.. Jan-Mar: insertion
Apr-June: deletion
July-Sept: inversion
Oct-Dec: point mutation
Mutate this mRNA strand according to your birthday.
ACU CGA ACA

37. Now.. Take the original sequence and translate it.
Also take your mutated sequence and translate it.
Did the amino acid chain change because of the mutation?

38. Mutation Practice If your birthday is.. Jan-Mar: point mutation
Apr-June: insertion
July-Sept: deletion
Oct-Dec: inversion
Mutate this mRNA strand according to your birthday.
CAC UAG AGU

39. Now.. Take the original sequence and translate it.
Also take your mutated sequence and translate it.
Did the amino acid chain change because of the mutation?

40. Mutation Practice If your birthday is.. Jan-Mar: inversion
Apr-June: point mutation
July-Sept: insertion
Oct-Dec: deletion
Mutate this mRNA strand according to your birthday.
UCC GAC GCA

41. Now.. Take the original sequence and translate it.
Also take your mutated sequence and translate it.
Did the amino acid chain change because of the mutation?

42. Mutation Practice If your birthday is.. Jan-Mar: deletion
Apr-June: inversion
July-Sept: point mutation
Oct-Dec: insertion
Mutate this mRNA strand according to your birthday.
ACT CGA UCG

43. Now.. Take the original sequence and translate it.
Also take your mutated sequence and translate it.
Did the amino acid chain change because of the mutation?

45. Whiteboards & Markers Away!

46. Complete the Mutation Practice worksheet.

47. Complementary DNA Strand
TCTAAC
CTTAAG
GAGATC
AGTCAG
CAGGTT
AACGUC
GCTACG
CGAATT

48. Transcribe DNA to mRNA ATCGAA GGCATA CTAGCA TTCAGG AGTCAT GTCAGT
CCAGGT
AATTGC

49. Reverse Transcription: mRNA to DNA
AUGCAA
UGAACC
AUGCCA
GUCACU
ACUGUA
CGUCAC
UCGACC
ACGUUA

50. Translate: mRNA to protein chain
AUGCAA
UGAACC
AUGCCA
GUCACU
ACUGUA
CGUCAC
UCGACC
ACGUUA

51. Cool-Down
1- What is the difference between transcription and translation (consider inputs and outputs)?
2- A mutation changes the original sequence of A- T-T-C-G-A to T-T-A-C-G-A. What kind of mutation was this? Did it shift the reading frame?
3- Fictional: in the battle between DNA and protein, who makes the stronger case for determining who you are as a person?

52. Name the correct mutation!
Mutation Practice
Name the correct mutation!
Normal Gene: ACA TCA CCG
Mutation # 1: ACG TCA CCG
Mutation # 2: ACA ACT CCG
Mutation # 3: AAT CAC CG

53. Name the correct mutation!
Mutation Practice
Name the correct mutation!
Normal Gene: TCG CCG ACG
Mutation # 1: TCT GCC GAC G
Mutation # 2: TCG CCG CCG ACG
Mutation # 3: GCC GCT ACG