1. Cost Estimation Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5 - 1

2. Learning Objectives L.O. 1 Understand the reasons for estimating fixed and variable costs. L.O. 2 Estimate costs using engineering estimates. L.O. 3 Estimate costs using account analysis. L.O. 4 Estimate costs using statistical analysis. L.O. 8 Use Microsoft Excel to perform a regression analysis L.O. 5 Interpret the results of regression output. L.O. 6 Identify potential problems with regression data. L.O. 7 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of alternative cost estimation methods.. 5 - 2

3. Why Estimate Costs? Managers make decisions and need to compare costs and benefits among alternative actions. What adds value to the firm? Cost estimates can be an important element in helping managers make decisions. 5 - 3

4. Basic Cost Behavior Patterns L.O. 1 Understand the reasons for estimating fixed and variable costs. Costs Fixed costsVariable costs Total fixed costs do not change proportionately as activity changes. Per unit fixed costs change inversely as activity changes. Total variable costs change proportionately as activity changes. Per unit variable cost remain constant as activity changes. 5 - 4

5. Methods Used to Estimate Cost Behavior Charlene, owner of Charlene’s Computer Care (3C), wants to estimate the cost of a new computer repair center. Engineering estimates Account analysis Statistical methods LO1 5 - 5

6. Engineering Estimates L.O. 2 Estimate costs using engineering estimates. Cost estimates are based on measuring and then pricing the work involved in a task. Identify the activities involved: – Labor – Rent – Insurance Estimate the time and cost for each activity. 5 - 6

7. Engineering Estimates Details each step required to perform an operation Permits comparison of other centers with similar operations Costs for totally new activities can be estimated without prior activity data. Can be quite expensive to use LO2 Based on optimal conditions 5 - 7

8. Account Analysis L.O. 3 Estimate costs using account analysis. Establish, track & then review each account comprising the total cost being analyzed. Identify each cost as either fixed or variable. FixedVariable 5 - 8

9. Account Analysis Exhibit 5.1 John’s cost estimation using account analysis LO3 5 - 9 Factory Overhead at 4,519 Machine Hours TotalVariableFixed Rent $ 20,784 $ 9,696 $ 11,088 Utilities $ 15,588 $ 7,272 $ 8,316 Administration $ 20,784 $ 9,696 $ 11,088 Supplies $ 10,392 $ 4,848 $ 5,544 Maintenance $ 31,175 $ 14,543 $ 16,632 Other $ 5,196 $ 2,424 $ 2,772 Totals $ 103,918 $ 48,478 $ 55,440

10. Demo problem 1 What is the variable cost per machine hour?

11. Account Analysis Demo 1 Cost estimation using account analysis Fixed costs + (Variable cost/unit × No. of units) = Total cost LO3 5 - 11 Determine the cost formula.

12. Account Analysis Managers and accountants are familiar with company operations and the way costs react to changes in activity levels. Relies heavily on judgment of Managers and accountants who may be biased. Decisions often have major economic consequences for managers and accountants. LO3 5 - 12 Cost of data collection may surpass benefit.

13. Statistical Cost Estimation L.O. 4 Estimate costs using statistical analysis. Analyze costs within a relevant range, which is the limits within which a cost estimate may be valid. Relevant range for a projection is usually between the upper and lower limits (bounds) of past activity levels for which data is available. 5 - 13

14. LO4 5 - 14 Hi-Low Cost Estimation MonthMachine hours Overhead 1 203$7,102 2 3198,620 3 4259,120 4 2897,092 5 3887,965 6 4719,641 7 51210,421 8 4438,834 9 2626,935 10 3718,520 11 49410,342 12 3429,326 Total 4,519$103,918

15. Demo 2

16. Hi-Low Cost Estimation This is a method to estimate cost based on two cost observations, the highest and lowest activity level. High Low Change Month Overhead costs Repair- hours LO4 5 - 16

17. Hi-Low Cost Estimation Variable cost per unit (V) = (Cost at highest activity level – Cost at lowest activity level) (Highest activity level – Lowest activity level) Fixed cost (F) = Total cost at highest activity –(Variable cost × Highest activity level) Total cost at lowest activity –(Variable cost × Lowest activity level) LO4 5 - 17

18. Hi-Low Cost Estimation Variable cost per RH (V) === $____ per H Fixed costs (F)==$ ==$ Rounding may produce a slight difference LO4 5 - 18

19. Hi-Low Cost Estimation Variable cost per RH (V) === Fixed costs (F)== == LO4 5 - 19 $3,319 309 $10,421 – [10.74 x512] $7,102 – [10.74 x203] Rounding may produce a slight difference $10,421- 7,102 512 – 203 10.74 4,922

20. Hi-Low Cost Estimation How do we estimate manufacturing overhead with 400 hours? TC = F + VX LO4 5 - 20 400 hours: $4,922 + (10.74x400)= $9,218

21. Regression Analysis Regression is a statistical procedure to determine the relation between variables. It helps managers determine how well the estimated regression equation describes the relations between costs and activities. LO4 5 - 21

22. Regression Analysis Hi-low method: Uses two data points Regression: Uses all of the data points LO4 5 - 22

23. Regression Analysis Y = a + bX LO4 5 - 23

24. Microsoft as a Tool L.O. 8 (Appendix A) Use Microsoft Excel to perform a regression analysis. Demo 3 will serve as our Example. Interpreting the output is the key to the analysis. 5 - 24

25. Microsoft as a Tool ♦ The following steps are based Microsoft Office 2007 Step 1: Ensure you have the Analysis TookPak installed. Step 2: Enter the data for the Dependent and Independent Variables. Step 3: Select Regression from the Data Analysis option. Step 4: Select the data to use in the regression. Step 5: Run the regression.

29. Scatter graph Highlight cells b1 to c13 Do not include months or totals

34. Interpreting Regression The computer output of scatter graph gives the following formula: Total overhead = $4,508 + ($11.025 per MH × No. of MH) Estimate 3C’s overhead with 400 repair hours. TC = F + VX TC = $6,508 + ($11.02 × 400) = $8,916 LO5 5-34

35. Interpreting Regression L.O. 5 Interpret the results of regression output. Independent variable: Fixed Costs –Coefficients/Intercept Dependent variable: Variable costs –Coefficients/X Variable 1 5 - 35

37. Interpreting Regression Correlation coefficient (R): This measures the linear relationship between variables.The closer R is to 1.0 the closer the points are to the regression line. The closer R is to zero, the poorer the fit of the regression line. Coefficient of determination (R 2 ): This is the square of the correlation coefficient. Measures the relationship between cost driver and Changes in the cost pool. 78.8% of the overhead is caused by changes in Machine hours. LO5 5 - 37

39. Interpreting Regression T-statistic: Generally, if it is over 2, then it is considered significant. If significant, the cost is NOT totally fixed. LO5 5 - 39 95% Confidence: Gives a range where you can have 95% confidence that the variable cost coefficient is between the upper & lower levels.

41. Practical Implementation Problems L.O. 6 Identify potential problems with regression data. Effect of: –Nonlinear relations –Outliers –Spurious relations –Using data that do not fit the assumptions of regression analysis 5 - 41

42. Practical Implementation Problems Computed regression line True regression line “Outlier” The Effect of Outliers on the Computed Regression LO6 5 - 42

43. Practical Implementation Problems Problem: Outliers move the regression line. Solution: Prepare a scattergraph, analyze the graph, and eliminate highly unusual observations before running the regression. LO6 5 - 43

44. Statistical Cost Estimation L.O. 7 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of alternative cost estimation methods. Reliance on historical data is relatively inexpensive. Computational tools allow for more data to be used than for non-statistical methods. Reliance on historical data may be the only readily available, cost-effective basis for estimating costs. Analysts must be alert to cost-activity changes. 5 - 44

45. Effect of Different Methods on Cost Estimates Estimated manufacturing overhead with 400 repair-hours. LO7 5 - 45

46. Data Problems Missing data Outliers Allocated and discretionary costs Inflation Mismatched time periods LO7 5 - 46