2.  Changed focus of U.S. foreign policy overnight.  The “war on terrorism” became central concern of Bush administration.  Was no “war on terrorism” before 9-11.

3.  Characterized attacks as “more than acts of terror, they were acts of war”.  “We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them.”  Viewed war on terrorism with “moral clarity” - as a war between good and evil. Bush's speech to nation on 9-11 Bush speech to Congress on 9-20

4.  “Every nation, in every region, now has a decision to make: Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists.”  Recruited worldwide coalition to fight“war on terrorism.”  “This war on terrorism won’t end until every terrorist group with global reach... has been defeated.”

5.  Strong support from U.S. allies.  NATO invoked Article 5 of its charter for the first and only time!

7.  New alliances based on shared interests and on geopolitics (realpolitik).  Pakistan  Former Soviet republics in Central Asia.  Northern Alliance fighters in Afghanistan  Russia and China  Improved relations with some former foes.  Yemen  Sudan  Iran

9.  Military retaliation against al Qaeda and Taliban regime providing safe haven to bin Laden.  Unconventional war fought by:  CIA operatives & U.S. Special Forces.  Northern Alliance allies.  Supported by U.S. airpower.

10.  Al Qaeda bases destroyed.  Taliban defeated and removed from power.  New pro-Western Afghan government put in place.  Most Taliban and al Qaeda leaders escaped into neighboring Pakistan. Afghanistan’s new president Hamid Karsai

13.  War on terrorism has been a global campaign with no boundaries - and no end in sight.  Al Qaeda and its affiliates span the globe.  Requires U.S. assistance to -- and from -- many other governments.  Has meant an expanded U.S. military presence throughout the world.

15. London 2005 Madrid 2004 Bali 2002 Morocco 2011

17.  2002 State of the Union speech – President Bush expanded scope of war on terrorism to include rogue states possessing or devel- oping WMD.  Said an “Axis of Evil” existed in the world today:  Iran  Iraq  North Korea

18.  Accused all three states of seeking WMDs and said U.S. would do “whatever was necessary” to keep these states from acquiring such weapons.  Accused all three countries of having links with terrorist groups. Bush's 2002 State of the Union Address

19.  Some U.S. allies had strong reservations about expand- ing war on terrorism against these states.  None of these countries had been linked to Sept. 11.  Concerns over what the U.S. planned next – especially in regards to Iraq.

23.  The Bush Doctrine, a new post 9-11 defense strategy was first spelled out in this document.  Identified greatest threat facing the U.S. and the world today: Terrorist networks with global reach coexisting with rogue states possessing WMD.  Warned that terrorists might soon acquire these WMD and use them against the U.S.

24.  Doctrine asserted that U.S. must defend itself by acting preemptively against these terrorists and rogue states.  Meant striking against our enemies before they can use their WMD against us.

25.  Asserted right to act against “emerging” threats “before they are fully formed” -- not just immediate threats  Controversial interpretation of the tradition right to self- defense. Why?

26.  Sounded more like preventive war, not preemption. What’s the difference?  Preemption involves the use of force to stop an imminent threat.  Prevention involves the use of force to stop potential or future threats.

27. What does current international law allow?  International law allows preemptive military action in self defense – if the threat of attack is imminent.  Preventive war in the absence of an imminent threat is NEVER permitted and is considered an act of aggression.

30.  The invasion of Iraq in March, 2003, was the only application of the Bush Doctrine.

31.  Rationale for war was based on threat posed by Iraq’s WMD and its supposed support for terrorism...  … but Iraq hadn’t attacked the U.S. and wasn’t threatening to attack the U.S.

33. 60 Minutes Interview with "Curve Ball" 3/13/11