1. The First French Settlements 1603-1663

2. Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635)
First arrived in Canada in 1604
Cartographer, explorer and geographer
Henri IV of France sponsored expeditions for glory of France and to increase her wealth

3. Voyages of Champlain

4. Acadia
Spring of 1604 Pierre du Gua de Monts set out for Acadia with Champlain as cartographer and geographer
De Mont was to be granted exclusive rights to trade with the Aboriginals and in exchange was to colonize Acadia and convert the aboriginal population

5. Ile Ste. Croix
Champlain and de Monts negotiated peace and friendship agreements with Mi’kmaq and Maliseet chiefs
Settled on Ile Ste. Croix
Centrally located, deep harbour, defendable from attacks

6. Winter 1604 Severe winter with snow from October until April
Crossing the thick ice on the river was treacherous
Scurvy was rampant among settlers
Half the expedition died

7. Ile Ste. Croix

8. Port Royal 1605 the expedition moves to sheltered spot on Bay of Fundy
Better homes and storehouses
Located close to forest
Planted wheat and vegetable gardens
Many crossings back to forth to France
Dependent for economy and military

9. Port Royal

10. Port Royal
Port Royal is abandoned by the French when de Monts’ monopoly is revoked
Champlain heads up the St. Lawrence river
Mi'kmaq chief Membertou left in charge until French send a seigneur in 1609
1611 Jesuits sent to convert aboriginals

11. Recreation at Port Royal
The Order of Good Cheer founded by Champlain to help get through the winter
Competition to see who could hunt the best game
Marc Lescarbot wrote the first play performed in New France “The Theatre of Neptune in New France”

12. Aboriginal Alliances in Acadia
Membertou was Chief of people’s in the area of Port Royal and Grand chief all seven Mi’kmaq districts of Nova Scotia
The Mi’kmaq welcomed and helped Champlain
The French saw this hospitality as non-resistance

13. Quebec
Louis XIII was convinced by Champlain to establish a permanent colony
Christianize aboriginals
Trade with aboriginals
St. Lawrence= Northwest passage?

14. Quebec Good location for trade Fertile soil 98-metre high cliff
Uninhabited as Stadacona village that Cartier had visited was gone

15. Quebec
Champlain made alliances with the Montagnais and Algonkian peoples who used the region for trade
Chief Anadabijou allowed Champlain to settle on Montagnais land, but did not give him title

16. Quebec
During the summer of 1608 the habitation of Quebec was built from wood of nearby forests
Basque and Spanish competitors were a threat to Champlain
Winter was cold and scurvy returned

17. Quebec
The English Kirke Brothers destroyed Quebec in 1629 and took Champlain to England as a prisoner
Upon his return in 1632 the settlement had to be completely rebuilt, but it remained the centre of New France until 1760

19. Aboriginal Alliances at Quebec
Fur trade with Algonkian, Montagnais and Huron peoples
They had been trading with European ships that arrived each summer
The Huron were “middlemen” in a trade network already

20. Huron vs. Iroquois
Champlain cemented his alliances by participating in the defeat of the Iroquois in 1609 at the Battle of Ticonderoga Point
Huron and Iroquois confederacies wanted control of the fur trade

21. Huron vs. Iroquois The French killed the three Iroquois chiefs
Iroquois fled because they had no guns
Huron were happy with French alliance
Iroquois eventually get guns from the Dutch
Iroquois will remain an enemy to both

22. Truchements/Coureurs de Bois
Truchements: Frenchmen who were sent to live with the Huron to learn their language, tactics for survival and their culture
The Truchements helped expand the reach of the fur trade and improved the alliances and they acted as translators

23. Truchement

24. Etienne Brule Original settler from 1608, one of only 8 who survived
18 years old when sent to live with Huron

25. Ville-Marie (Montreal)
1642 Ville-Marie established against wishes of governor and clergy in Quebec
Goal to live among the Aboriginals to convert and assimilate them

26. Jeanne Mance: Angel of the Colony
Jeanne Mance was one of the first lay women to settle in New France
Established a hospital in her home in Ville-Marie
Battled Bishop of Laval to build Hotel-Dieu in Montreal and have her run it instead of nuns from Quebec

27. The Fur Trade
Beaver hats were all the rage in Europe beginning in the 1500s
Aboriginal men in Northern Canada trapped them
Aboriginal women prepared the skins
The fashion lasted into the 1800s
The Beaver; The animal that launched a thousand ships ;)

28. Beaver Hats

29. Aboriginal Trading Specialists
Huron and Mi'kmaq were already acting as middlemen in the aboriginal fur trade
Were well-accustomed to trading with the almost 1000 ships from Europe that had arrived annually by the early 1700s
The early fur trade saw the aboriginals bring the furs to the Europeans
At the height, the Huron accounted for 50% of the French Fur trade

30. The Company of One Hundred Associates
(see pp for organization)
Investors were interested in the wealth of the fur trade, but not settlement
France was interested in settlements and religious conversion
1627 the company of One hundred Associates made up of one hundred investors is given a royal charter under Cardinal Richelieu each paid 3000 livres ($9000 today)
They were given large tracts of land and the right to administer the colony in return they had to attract 200 settlers a year and maintain the clergy and pay the soldiers
No Protestant settlers were allowed
The model was based on the East India trading company

31. Company of One Hundred Associates

32. The Missionaries
Only Catholics were allowed to settle in Acadia due to the religious mess at home
The Ursuline nuns and Jesuit priests and brothers made the largest impact on New France

33. The Jesuits
In 1633 after France regained Quebec from the British (30 years war) France sent in the Jesuits to convert the Aboriginals
The Jesuits decided they had to live amongst the Huron in order to convert them
The aboriginals accepted them only to keep their advantageous trade agreement with the French

34. Father Jean De Brebeuf 1634 Father Jean de Brebeuf arrives in Huronia.
The Huron were chosen because of their numbers and because they were agricultural

35. The Huron The Huron did not convert:
everyone has their own spiritual path
Jesuits preached against theft, dishonesty and drunkenness, but the French had all of those amongst them
Did not see why Huron women should not have power or why the children should not enjoy freedom

36. Ste. Marie among the Huron
smallpox killed many and the Jesuits were blamed
As more Huron converted it created friction amongst the Huron 
the Iroquois saw the weakness in the Huron and attacked
1649 the Settlement was destroyed and the Huron fled

37. The Ursulines
1639 led by Marie de L’incarnation the Ursulines came to Quebec to educate French and Aboriginal girls
The Ursuline convent in Quebec is the oldest institution of learning for women in North America
Children from the Sillery reserve were supposed to live there to be kept under a Catholic influence, but they often ran away back to their parents
Marie de L’incarnation struggled for 32 years in New France, but was very successful in finding wealthy patrons and surviving

38. The Ursulines