1. Ch. 6 – The Duel for North America North America in 1750 Ch. 6 – The Duel for North America North America in 1750

2. French Canada French established Quebec in 1608 (a year after Jamestown) –Founded by Samuel de Champlain ("Father of New France"). Entered into friendship with local Huron Indians, the enemies of the Iroquois. Significance: Iroquois, in retaliation, later kept French from expanding into Ohio Valley, ravaged French settlements, & allied with British.

3. New France expands in North America Of the European powers, the French were most successful in creating an effective trading relationship with the Amerindians. British settlers sought to remove or exterminate them. Spanish sought to Christianize them and subdued them in missions. French became great gift givers (key to getting along with Amerindians who based inter-tribal relationships on gift giving). –Trade seen by Amerindians as a continuing process. –When one group stopped trading with another, it was tantamount to declaring war.

4. New France expands in North America Beaver trade led to exploration of much of North America –Heavy demand for fur in European fashion. –Coureurs de bois (runners of the woods) were rough frontiersmen heavily involved in fur trading. –Voyageurs: French seamen who recruited Amerindians into the fur trade. –Jesuits: Catholic Missionaries who sought to convert Amerindians and save them from the fur trappers. Some brutally killed by Amerindians. Played a vital role as explorers and geographers.

5. New France expands in North America Other French Explorers –Antoine Cadillac -- founded Detroit in 1701 Aimed to keep English settlers out of the Ohio Valley. –Robert de La Salle -- Sailed from Quebec, down through Great Lakes, and down the Mississippi River in 1682 with help of Amerindian guides. Sought to prevent Spanish expansion into Gulf of Mexico region. Coined name "Louisiana" in honor of Louis XIV. Robert La Salle

6. New France expands in North America French established posts in Mississippi region –St. Louis, Cape Girardeau - New Orleans most important. –Attempt to block Spanish expansion into the Gulf of Mexico. –Large amounts of grain sent down the Mississippi River for shipment to West Indies & Europe.

7. French & Indian War (1754 – 1763) French & Indian War (1754- 1763 -- Seven Years' War) --most important of the colonial wars. –Main issue was the Ohio Valley. British were pushing west into it; wary of French influence in North America. French needed to retain it to link Canada with the lower Mississippi valley & Caribbean.

8. French & Indian War (1754 – 1763) Washington’s Ohio Mission –Battle near Fort Duquesne -- May, 1754 –Lt. Col. George Washington sent by Virginia govt to forks of Ohio River to prevent French from building fort there; hoped instead to build a British fort –Washington defeated and forced to surrender his entire command but allowed to leave with his army intact. –In effect, Washington triggered a world war. –British retaliated by clamping down in Nova Scotia. Relocated 4,000 Nova Scotians throughout the continent including Louisiana. French-speaking Acadians became the descendants of modern day "Cajuns“.

9. French & Indian War (1754 – 1763) Albany Congress (1754) –Leaders from all colonies met in Albany to discuss Amerindian problem & meet with Iroquois. –Iroquois refused to commit themselves to the British. –Long-range purpose: greater colonial unity; strong defense against France. Albany Plan for Union –Benjamin Franklin created plan for colonial home rule: dealt with defense and Indian affairs. Adopted by delegates. Individual colonies rejected it: not enough independence. British rejected it: too much independence.

10. French & Indian War (1754 – 1763) British General Braddock defeated a few miles from Ft. Duquesne by smaller French & Indian forces (1755). –British launched full-scale invasion of Canada in 1756 but failed. William Pitt (The "Great Commoner") became leader of British govt. –Very popular among British people; his success in the war led to Ft. Duquesne being renamed Pittsburgh. –Strategy: focus on France in North America in order to win the war.

11. French & Indian War (1754 – 1763) Battle of Quebec (1760) –Pitt appointed James Wolfe to take Quebec. –British successful on the Plains of Abraham (near Quebec) but Wolfe & French commander de Montcalm were killed. –One of most significant battles in British & American history.

12. Battle of Quebec - 1760

13. British March in formation or bayonet charge. Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings. Drills & tough discipline. Colonists should pay for their own defense. Indian-style guerilla tactics. Col. militias served under own captains. No mil. deference or protocols observed. Resistance to rising taxes. Casual, non-professionals. Methods of Fighting: Military Organization: Military Discipline: Finances: Demeanor: British – American Colonial Tensions Colonials

14. French & Indian War (1754 – 1763) Treaty of Paris (1763): In effect, France was removed from North America –(Technically, land west of Mississippi River still French but not yet settled.) Great Britain emerged as the dominant power in North America & as the leading naval power in the world.

15. British – American Colonial Tensions Effects of the French & Indian War on American Colonials: –Colonies emerged from war with increased confidence in their military strength. Colonial military leaders angry few Americans were promoted in British army. –United them against a common enemy for the first time. –Created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. –Created bitter feelings towards British that would only intensify. –American westward expansion increased. French barrier west of the Appalachians was removed. –American westward expansion increased. French barrier west of the Appalachians was removed.

16. British – American Colonial Tensions Effects of the French & Indian War on Great Britain: –British upset American shippers traded with Spanish & French West Indies. –Some colonials refused to supply troops: saw economic gain as more important than loyalty to Britain. Only later agreed to commit troops when Pitt offered to substantially reimburse colonies. –Increased her colonial empire in the Americas & greatly enlarged England’s debt. –Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!

17. More Colonial Trouble w/ Indians Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) –Indians in Ohio Valley region angered at British treatment of Indians during the last years of the French and Indian War. –Chief Pontiac, Ottowa chief, refused to surrender his lands to British although France (their ally in the war) had lost and were now gone. –Chief Pontiac led an Indian alliance against whites in Ohio Valley & Great Lakes region. 9 of 11 British forts taken; several wiped out. Perhaps 2,000 lives lost, colonials driven from homes on the frontier –Took British 18 months to bring the rebellion under control. Brits retaliated with germ warfare: blankets infected with smallpox distributed among the Native Americans.

18. Proclamation of 1763 –In response to Pontiac’s rebellion, George III signed an edict prohibiting colonials to move west of the Appalachians. –British aim: Settle land disputes with Indians fairly to prevent more uprisings like Pontiac's and organize eventual settlement and defense. –Colonials infuriated: Many veterans had fought in the war and felt betrayed & that land was a birthright of British citizens. –Colonials generally ignored the Proclamation and moved West anyway.

19. Proclamation of 1763