1. 3. Geometrical Optics

2. Geometric optics—process of light ray through lenses and mirrors to determine the location and size of the image from a given object. Reflection and Mirror

3. Image Formation by Reflection

4. Application of Double Reflection-Periscope

5. DIY Periscope

6. DIY Periscope (Cont’)

7. Law of reflection (Snell’s law)

8. Types of Lenses

9. Ray Tracing through Thin Lenses

10. Image Formation by thin Lenses Lens equation:

11. ABCD Matrix

12. ABCD Matrix (Cont’)

20. Aberrations of Lenses Primary Aberration  image deviate from the original picture/the first-order approximation Monochromatic aberrations  Spherical Aberration  Coma  Astigmatism  Curvature of field  Distortion Chromatic aberration

21. General Method of Reducing Aberration in Optical Systems-Multiple Lenses United States Patent 6844972

22. General Method of Reducing Aberration in Optical Systems-Multiple Lenses (Cont’) United States Patent 6995908

23. Chromatic Aberration The focal lengths of lights with distinct wavelengths are different.

24. Solution of Chromatic Aberration-Using Doublet, Triplet, or Diffractive Lens

25. Spherical Aberration (SA)

26. Spherical Aberration for Different Lenses (a) Simple biconvex lens (b) “Best-form” lens (c) Two lenses (d) Aspheric, almost plano-convex lens

27. Solutions of Spherical Aberration- Using Aspherical Lens or Stop

28. Coma

29. Coma (Cont’) (a) Negative coma (b) Postive coma

30. Astigmatism

31. Astigmatism (Cont’)

32. Solutions of Astigmatism-Using Multiple Lenses

33. Curvature of field

34. Solutions of Curvature of field-Using Multiple Lenses

35. Distortion Picture taken by a wide-angle camera in front of graph paper with square grids

36. Solution of Distortion-Using Multiple Lenses

37. Nearsightedness (Myopia) and Farsightedness (Hyperopia)

38. Image Formation  Camera

39. Camera Eg. 50 mm camera lens, aperture stop 6.25mm: F-number = 8 (f/8) F-number Exposure E: energy collected by camera lens B: brightness of object A: area of aperture d: diameter of aperture stop

40. Camera Lenses Wide-angle Lenses- the Aviogon and the Zeiss Orthometer lenses Standard Lenses-the Tessar and the Biotar lenses Lens of reducing the 3rd-order aberration- the Cooke triplet lens

41. Depth of Field (DOF) The distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image. In cinematography, a large DOF is called deep focus, and a small DOF is often called shallow focus. For a given F-number, increasing the magnification decreases the DOF; decreasing magnification increases DOF. For a given subject magnification, increasing the F-number increases the DOF; decreasing F-number decreases DOF.

42. Numerical Aperture (NA) The numerical aperture of an optical system is a dimensionless number that characterizes the range of angles over which the system can accept or emit light. Generally, For a multi-mode optical fiber,

43. Telescope

44. Astronomical (Keplerian) Telescope Magnification (magnifying power):  : angle subtended at input end in front of objective  ’: angle subtended at output end behind eyepiece (inverted image) For small angle: General Keplerian telescope: d=f o +f e

45. Galileo Telescope General Galileo telescope: d=f o -f e

46. Terrestrial Telescope All images are erecting

47. Optical Microscope

48. Microscope Theory Objective Overall magnification: m o : linear magnification of objective m e : angular magnification of eyepiece Linear magnification: Numerical aperture (NA)

49. Microscope Theory (Cont’) Angular magnification: (normal reading distance) Overall magnification of microscope: f o : focal length of objective f e : focal length of eyepiece Eyepiece

50. Simple Projection System

51. Fresnel Lens and Plates focusing point (in phase) Radius of the concentric circular: r n = [(n ) 2 +2fn ] ½, n=0, 1, 2,…. Sapce between two adjacent circular zone:  r n = r n+1  r n