1. Characteristics and Treatment of Common Endocrine Disorders
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Characteristics and Treatment of
Common Endocrine Disorders

2. GIGANTISM and DWARFISM
Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone
In preadolescence – overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallness
Dwarfism
Hypofunction of pituitary in childhood
Small size, but body proportions and intellect normal
Rx – early diagnosis, injection of growth hormone

3. HYPERTHRYROIDISM Overactive thyroid gland
Too much thyroxine leads to enlargement of gland
Symptoms – consuming large quantities of food but lose weight
Goiter – enlargement of gland
Exophthalmos – bulging of eyeballs
Rx – partial or total removal of gland, drugs to reduce thyroxine, radiation

4. HYPOTHYROIDISM Not enough thyroxine
May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter)
Symptoms – dry, itchy skin; dry and brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night

5. TETANY Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms Rx
Decreased calcium levels affect functions of nerves
Symptoms
Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles Rx
Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone

6. DIABETES MELLITUS Cause – decreased secretion of insulin
Symptoms – polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and possible diabetic coma
If not treated, excess glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) and secreted in urine (glycosuria)
If too much insulin given, blood sugar can get too low (hypoglycemia) and person can develop insulin shock
Type II diabetes is not insulin-dependent – most common, usually familial, occurs later in life, usually treated with diet
Test for diabetes – blood sample at home, normal blood sugar is mg

7. Acromegaly
Patients develop enlarged hands, lips and nose, and their chin protrudes more than it used to.

8. Addison's disease
A rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids). It is characterized by a number of relatively nonspecific symptoms, such as abdominal pain and weakness, but under certain circumstances, these may progress to Addisonian crisis, a severe illness which may include very low blood pressure and coma.
The condition arises from problems with the adrenal gland and can be caused by damage by the body's own immune system, certain infections, or various rarer causes
Addison's disease and other forms of hypoadrenalism are generally diagnosed via blood tests and medical imaging.[

9. What Is Cushing's Syndrome?
Cushing's syndrome is a rare condition. Out of one million people, approximately 5 to 25 cases of Cushing's syndrome are diagnosed each year. Of those diagnosed, more than 70% are women between 20 and 50 years old.1,2
Cushing's syndrome is a result of high levels of cortisone-type steroids in the body. It can be caused by taking high doses of steroid medications for a long period of time or by an overproduction of a hormone called cortisol in the body.
When the body produces too much cortisol, it's usually caused by a tumor of the pituitary gland. These tumors produce a hormone called ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) that causes the adrenal glands to produce and secrete too much cortisol.
The adrenal glands are located above each kidney and release cortisol into the bloodstream. Cortisol regulates metabolism, helps the body deal with stress, reduces the body's inflammatory response, and helps balance the effects of insulin. But high levels of cortisol in your blood for too long can cause Cushing's syndrome.

10. Questions??
The patient had two of his/her parathyroid glands surgically removed. This procedure can lead to a condition characterized by muscle twitching and lead to seizures. The condition that the patient must be aware of is:
Liver damage, heart disease, testicular changes, and breast growth in males are symptoms of:
On his way to work, the student witnessed a traffic accident. His heart rate increased and his mental alertness improved as he assisted the victims. The student’s response result from the release of:

11. ?????????
Terri has an excessive appetite but has trouble gaining weight. She also has exophthalmos. What disorder might she have?
The obstetrician instructs a new mother about the changes in her body He/she explains that her breast milk production is the result of:
The pregnant woman began to have contractions of the uterus in preparation for childbirth. What is the name of the hormone that initiated her contractions?