1. Force Protection Operations
March OPD
React to Unexploded Ordinance Hazards
AWT

2. Purpose
The purpose is to familiarize leaders with force protection tactics, techniques, and procedures which have been successful in Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.
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3. Agenda References Force Protection Operations TTP Summary and Review
Conclusion
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4. References CALL 03-20 FM 4-01.011 FM 7-98 FM 3-21 FM 71-1 FM 3-19.4
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5. Force Protection Operations
Security Operations
Checkpoint Operations
Explosive Hazards
Convoy Operations
React to Unexploded Ordinance Hazards
AWT
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6. Explosive Hazards
Unexploded Ordinance (UXO) and Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) that have failed to function as designed
UXO and IED that have failed to detonate by design (for example: area denial munitions, land mines, and booby traps)
Every soldier on the battlefield, within an operational area, or in a military training area must be able to recognize and react properly to the UXO hazard.
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7. Explosive Hazards Three steps to take in reacting to UXO/IED
Recognize the explosive hazard
React to the explosive hazard
Report the explosive hazard
Three steps:
1 Recognize the hazard—four different categories:
1 dropped—bombs, dispensers, sub-munitions
2 projected—projectiles, mortars, rockets, guided missiles, rifle grenades
3 placed—land mines, booby traps
4 thrown—grenades
2 React to the hazard—
immediate actions:
don’t move closer to a suspect UXO/IED once it is identified
don’t strike, move, or touch a suspect UXO/IED
don’t use radios or other electronic devices within 100m of a suspect UXO/IED
put on MOPP IV if there are peculiar smells, liquids, or dead animals in the vicinity of the suspect
UXO/IED, as chemical agents may be present
mark the UXO/IED:
similar to a contaminated area
use engineer tape, marking ribbon, or UXO marker
note the physical characteristics of the suspect UXO/IED and surrounding terrain features to aid
future identification
evacuate
withdraw on same route and watch out for additional hazards
evacuate personnel and equipment a safe distance from the area
3 Report the hazard—format will depend on unit SOP, but will include at a minimum:
who—unit which discovered UXO/IED
what—type of explosive and subgroup
where—location description and/or grid
when—time the item was discovered
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8. Explosive Hazards Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) Package type
Vehicle borne
Suicide bomber
An IED is a “home-made” explosive device to cause death or injury. They can be produced in varying sizes, functioning methods, containers, and delivery methods.
Most IED’s are package type, and metal or lead pipes are most common containers.
IED’s have a great variety of fuzing/firing systems, to include:
time device, command detonation, booby trap
Intended effect of IED’s are also varied upon the intent of the terrorist:
high explosive/fragmentation, explosive formed penetrator, shape charge, hoax device, and
chemical/biological/radiological
Common characteristics—key identification features and indicators of suspected IED’s or the presence of IED’s:
exposed wires, cord, or fuze protruding from objects that normally don’t have such attachments;
unusual smells, sounds or substances emanating from objects;
object seems “out of place” in its surroundings;
object or area being noticeably avoided by local populace
Vehicle borne IED’s are devices that use a vehicle as the package or container for the explosive device. It has similar characteristics or indicators
as package type IED’s, plus other indicators including:
an auto that is riding low on it’s springs, even if the auto appears to be empty; explosives can be concealed within the body panels,
distributing the weight around the rear end;
Suspicious large boxes or satchels, bags or containers in plain view
The firing system is sometimes found in the front/engine compartment, and the main explosive usually out of sight in the rear
Unusual or overwhelming fuel-type odors
Owner/driver cannot be located, or if present, exhibits some kind of suspicious behavior
A suicide bomber presents a singularly difficult threat for soldiers; the aim of a suicide bomber is not to commit suicide, but to injure or kill
as many soldiers and/or civilians as possible
A suicide explosive is delivered via package type attached to or carried by the terrorist or by vehicle. Most frequently they are command
detonated by a switch or button.
Indicators of suicide bombers are difficult; there is no true profile. They can be male, female, of any age group. There is usually no distinctive or
identifiable clothing worn, other than baggy clothes or a coat to conceal the IED package. Clothing may not be appropriate for seasonal
climate. Otherwise, will attempt to blend in with populace. Some males have disguised themselves as females.
Special considerations: Suicide bomber will detonate the device if they believe that they have been discovered. If a suspect is determined to be a
suicide bomber, deadly force is normally the only option. Prepare for and expect an explosion, shoot from as great a distance as possible,
from a protected position, if possible.
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9. Methods of Activation
Command activation--by radio, electric leads, pull wire/mechanical strikers.
Action by the subject/target--trip wire, pressure device, light sensitive device, electric.
Time delay--clock, burning fuse, chemical delay, atmospheric pressure
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10. Suicide Vest
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11. Partially Detonated IED

12. IEDs in OIF/OEF
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13. Pepsi Can IED

14. Saddam Poster IED

15. More IEDs Firing Wire Explosive Charge(s) Blasting Cap Car Alarm
w/ Batteries
D Cell Batteries
Car Alarm
D cell Batteries
Electric Blasting
Cap
Car Alarm
Firing Wire
Explosive Charge
Car Alarm
D Cell Batteries

16. IEDs in OIF/OEF

17. The Basic “No Frills” IED Attack
IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE (IED) TACTICS, TECHNIQUES & PROCEDURES (TTPs)
The Basic “No Frills” IED Attack
Direction
of Traffic
Mil/Civ Convoy
IED Placed on Shoulder
Median Strip
Median Strip
Median Strip
Typical Iraqi 4 lane highway
Variation: IED Placed in the Median Strip

18. The “Broken Down Vehicle” IED Attack
IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE (IED) TACTICS, TECHNIQUES & PROCEDURES (TTPs)
The “Broken Down Vehicle” IED Attack
Direction
of Traffic
Stopped fake “Broken Down” vehicle canalizes
military traffic into close proximity to IED
Median Strip
Median Strip
Median Strip
IED

19. The “Fiendishly Clever” IED Attack
IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE (IED) TACTICS, TECHNIQUES & PROCEDURES (TTPs)
The “Fiendishly Clever” IED Attack
Lead vehicle sees fake IED and stops. The convoy stops behind it. Real IEDs on flanks of stopped convoy are then command detonated
Direction
of Traffic
Easily seen
Fake IED
The Real IEDs Daisy Chained Together
Visible Wires
Median Strip
Median Strip
Median Strip

20. Ambush Technique OPD MARCH 2004
Note straight road surrounded by high ground
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21. Result of IED/Ambush

22. Chechnya IED
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23. Chechnya IED
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24. Chechnya IED
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25. Chechnya IED
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26. OPD MARCH 2004

27. Chechnya IED
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28. What Can You do to Mitigate Threat?
Keep Alert: Make yourself a “Hard Target”
Be Prepared for IED Attack Followed by Ambush
Be and Appear Vigilant
Personnel Who Look Ready to Fight Back Make Bad Targets
Bad Guys Wait for the Next Convoy
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29. What Can You do to Mitigate Threat?
Maintain Convoy Speed when Possible
Maintain vehicle dispersion
Be Extra Cautious at choke points -Iraqi Vehicle Breakdowns -Bridges, one way roads, traffic jams, sharp turns, etc…
If Something Causes the Convoy to Stop, Watch Your Flanks for IEDs (Post Ops)
Drive safely but aggressively.
Leaders must find balance between maintaining a rapid rate of movement, and not driving at a speed fast enough to increase the risk of injury due to vehicle accident.
Keep good separation between vehicles so drivers and crews have time to react to any contact.
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30. What Can You do to Mitigate Threat?
Vests and Helmets Save Lives…Wear Them!
Ballistic Glasses Save Eyesight
Wear Earplugs-Prevents damage to eardrums
Ensure all personnel have on the proper protective gear. This is a leadership check that may very well save the lives of your soldiers.
OPD MARCH 2004

31. What Can You do to Mitigate Threat?
Rehearse Actions on Contact for an IED
Get Out of the “Kill Zone” Fast
Do NOT Approach the IED
Soldier was Killed Doing this when the IED was Command Detonated as the Soldier “Inspected” It
After an IED detonation get out of the kill zone FAST!
There may be other devices attached to the first one by time fuze.
Move at least 500m away from the point of detonation.
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32. Summary
The purpose has been to familiarize leaders with force protection tactics, techniques, and procedures which have been successful in Afghanistan and Iraq
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33. Look Hard, Be Hard
“This is about shifting the mindset of soldiers from identifying what they do as a soldier- - ‘I’m a cook, I’m an infantryman, I’m a postal clerk’ - - toward ‘I am a warrior’ when people ask what they do for a living.”
BG Benjamin Freakley
Commander
U.S. Army Infantry Center

34. Conclusion
U.S. soldiers can use the lessons learned in Afghanistan and Iraq to successfully secure fixed sites, deter and prevent terrorist attacks, and save lives.
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35. QUESTIONS?
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