1. A. Definition B. Why? C. Basic Design Circulation I. Introduction

2. Fluid, vessels, and a pump Figure 42.6

3. A. Gastrovascular Cavity II. Strategies

4. Cnidarians and Platyhelminthes Thin bodied with one opening Waste is mixed with nutrients Figure 42.2

5. B. Water Vascular

6. Echinoderms= Tube feet pull in water to an internal ampulla which communicates with a ring canal to transport water, nutrients, and waste throughout the ring and body. Drainage is out an opening, called the madreporite, on the aboral side.

7. C. Open System

8. Arthropods and some Mollusks fluid, hemolymph, through a muscular pump, sinuses, and ostia back into the tubular hearts. Figure 42.3

9. D. Closed System

10. Annelids, Mollusks (squids and octopuses), and Vertebrates blood, muscular pump, and vessels, and back to the heart Figure 42.3

11. A. Heart III. Vertebrate Design 1. Structure a. Strategies

12. Depends on the habitat and demands Figure 42.4

13. Crocodilians

14. b. Histology

15. internal endocardium, middle myocardium, and the external (visceral and parietal = pericardium) epicardium

16. 2. Function a. Valves & Flow

17. Valvestricuspid & bicuspid and pulmonary & aortic semilunar Papillary muscles and Chordae Tendinae

18. Valves prevent backflow Figure 42.7

19. b. Cardiac Cycle

20. cardiac cycle == systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) Figure 42.8

21. c. Cardiac Control

22. i. Internal input ii. External input endocrine system, nervous system, blood pressure, and ion concentrations (Na, Ca, and K) Figure 42.9

23. B. Vessels 1. Structure a. Histology b. Types

24. Vessels are multi layered (intima, media, and externa (adventia) Figure 42.10

25. Vessels are multi layered (intima, media, and externa (adventia)

26. 2. Function a. Forces

27. Blood pressure == force against the wall Figure 42.11 systole and diastole Figure 42.14

28. b. Control

29. Name the forces which can be involved in regulating blood pressure in blood vessels? Blood Volume or Viscosity Cardiac Output Peripheral Resistance Ion Blood Concentrations Hormones

30. C. Blood 1. Plasma Component

31. Plasma ==55% of total Figure 42.17 What is found in the plasma?

32. 2. Cellular Elements

33. Cellular elements == 45% What cells? Figure 42.15

34. Figure 42.14 Blood smear

35. Figure 42.14 White Blood Cell

36. Figure 42.14 Blood Clotting Figure 42.18

37. Figure 42.14 Blood Clotting

38. D. Lymphatic System 1. Components

39. The lymphatic system == Lymph, vessels, and filters Figure 43.7

40. 2. Function

41. Vessels capture lost blood fluid and Figure 43.7

42. and Nodes filter the lymph to remove material. Figure 43.7

43. Effect usually equals effort.