1. Illegals No easy answers Ambivalence and unintended consequences New patterns in the last decade

2. Citizenship in the U.S. By birth (even if parents are illegal, or here for a short period of time) By birth abroad if parents are citizens By adoption By naturalization if they comply with conditions specified by law

3. Legal Rights of Legal Immigrants In the Past: States had laws saying non citizens could not own land. State Restrictions on employment and education. States had rules that noncitizens could not practice law or medicine. Struck down because of the 14 th amendment. The word “person” not “citizen” is used.

4. Undocumented people have a few rights Subject to equal protection laws – Protected against unreasonable searches and seizures – Protected by Fair Labor Standards. Minimum wage protection. – Not entitled to free medical care or college attendance. Illegal alien children are entitled to schooling. – Series of laws starting in 1990s and including the 2001 Patriots Act made further distinctions between immigrants, both legal and illegal and citizens.

5. Smoke and Mirrors Bracero program and history of integration of the US southwest and Mexico led to strong social ties and a circular movement back and forth across the border. 1965 law abruptly made that circulation illegal 1965 law did not make it illegal to employ an undocumented person. U.S. Employers continued to recruit Mexican laborers and employ them in great numbers. First attempt to deal with this: 1986 IRCA

6. IRCA 1986 General Legalization – Been unauthorized since 1982 and present in the US – Not convicted of a felony or more than 3 misdemeanors – Demonstrate “minimal understanding of ordinary English” – Granted one year of temporary authorization followed by LPR or green card

7. IRCA Special Agricultural Workers – People who entered legally or illegally and worked at least 90 days in agriculture 1985-86. – Granted two years of temporary status and then LPR or green card.

8. IRCA Results 91% of pre-1986 illegal residents, mostly Mexicans were legalized (60% in California). Made it illegal to hire an illegal alien, introduced I-9 forms. From 1986 until 1996 there were also many ways people could adjust their status from illegal to legal.

10. IRCA also created pressure for immigration The backlog of visas for legal immigration grew as more people immediately became eligible. Backlash against undocumented immigrants grew.

12. Ideology of 187 Letter to New York Times By flooding the state with 2 million illegal aliens to date, and increasing that figure each of the following ten years, Mexicans in California would number 15 to 20 million by 2004. During those ten years about 5 to 8 million Californians would have emigrated to other states. If those trends continued, a Mexico controlled

13. 187 Letter to New York Times California could vote to establish Spanish as the sole language of California, 10 million more English speaking Californians could flee and there could be statewide vote to leave the union and annex California to Mexico. Letter to Editor New York Times, media director of Prop 187

19. Two Critical Dates in New Era 1986 – Under pressure from U.S. Mexico Joins GATT Opens Economy to Global Trade and Investment – U.S. Congress Passes IRCA Grants Legal Status to 2.3 Million Mexicans Criminalizes Undocumented Hiring Begins Militarization of Border 1994 – Mexico and US Join Together in NAFTA Lowers barriers to cross-border movements of goods, capital, resources, information, services, and certain classes of people – US Launches Operation Gatekeeper in San Diego All-out Effort to Stop the Inflow of Mexican labor Erects Steel Wall from Pacific Ocean to Sierra Madre Mountains

22. Costs of Contradiction Transforms Mexican Immigration from a Regional to a National Phenomenon Raises Death Rate Among Border Crossers Lowers the Probability of Border Apprehension Reduces Rate of Return Migration Increases the Rate of Settlement Increase Net Rate of Undocumented Migration Shifts Composition from Workers to Families Puts Downward Pressure on US Wages and Undermines Working Conditions for US Workers

23. Changes in Border Enforcement Average Length of Stay – 1.7 years in 1986 – 3.5 years in 2005 Rise in deaths – 472 people died in 2005, 827 in 2007 Nontraditional border sites 29% in 1988, 64% in 2002 Apprehension fell from 33% in 1980s to 5% in 2002. Cost of one arrest went from $300.00 in 1992 to $1700 in 2002.

30. Border Patrol The budget has increased 714% from 1992 to 2009

31. Border agents have increased 390%

32. 1996

42. Aftermath Dan Kanstroom, Law Professor at Boston College Law School Documents the effects of deportation as a mechanism of dealing with immigration problems.