1. Design and Testing of a Four-Stroke Snowmobile with Catalytic Exhaust Treatment Scott Miers and Ryan Hayes

2. Background l Yellowstone National Park F Snowmobilers are approximately 6% of annual visitors F Significant contributors to emissions production

3. Team Goal “Design and Produce a Snowmobile with Noise and Emissions Levels Comparable to the Typical, Wheeled Vehicle in Yellowstone National Park”

4. Strategy To use a properly sized four-stroke engine with emissions controls to reduce emissions and noise levels while maintaining performance.

5. Engine Details l Liquid-cooled, four-cylinder, four-stroke engine with emission controls F 781 cc V-4 configuration F Electronic fuel injection (EFI) F Catalytic exhaust treatment F Secondary air injection

6. Snowmobile Performance

7. Snowmobile Handling l Weight F Total weight = 650 lbs wet – (RF = 190 lbs, LF = 160 lbs, RR = 300 lbs) F OEM prototype four-stroke snowmobile - 610 lbs dry l Travel extenders for telescopic strut suspension l Wide, plastic skis for improved flotation and control l M-10 rear suspension for improved ride quality

8. Additional Performance Enhancements l Electronic fuel injection (EFI) F Altitude and temperature compensation F Increased fuel economy l Innovative drive train

9. Cost Assessment l 2001 550cc fan (MSRP) $4500 - $5000 l Final cost is expected to increase, compared to current, production models. F Technology Implementation Cost Assessment = $959.26

10. Snowmobile Durability l Production four-stroke engine chosen for reliability F Expected life of engine is similar to snowmobile, if not greater l Finite element analysis used to design engine mounting system.

11. Snowmobile Maintenance l Maintenance items F Oil/filter change - seasonal F Drive chain lubrication F Reduced spark plug replacements l Net maintenance requirements are not increased

12. Consumer Acceptance l Electric start F All levels of operators can safely operate the snowmobile l Front suspension l Rear suspension l Engine l Drive train

13. Emissions Reduction - UHC

14. Emissions Reduction - CO

15. Emissions Reduction - NO x

16. Noise Reduction

17. Environmentally Friendly Aspects l Yellowstone Emissions Estimates - 1998 Data F Calculated total yearly emissions deposition in YNP

18. Conclusions l The four-stroke engine with emission controls provided significant reductions in emissions levels. l The four-stroke snowmobile is fun to drive, quiet, and less aromatic than two-stroke snowmobiles. l The four-stroke snowmobile alternative will be more appealing to the snowmobiling community than other options (snow coach) for Yellowstone winter use.