1. 1 Transportation, Air Pollution, Climate The Road Ahead in Asia August 19, 2014 Michael P. Walsh International Consultant Founding Chairman Board of Directors, Board of Directors, International Council on Clean Transportation

2. Air Pollution Is Already Reaching Crisis Levels Across Asia Especially PM 2.5 And O 3 Lelieveld, J., and F. J. Dentener (2000) 模拟 O 3 浓度分布 Van Donkelaar et al. (2010) 卫星反演 PM 2.5 浓度分布 PM 2.5 O3O3 2

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4. Ambient PM 2.5 Now Among The Leading Global Risks For Mortality And Lost Years Of Healthy Life In 2010 Contributes to 3.2 million premature deaths worldwide

5. Costs of Air Pollution: Health Impacts of Road Transport Cost to Advanced Economies Plus China and India = $3.5 Trillion per Year –OECD ~ $1.7 Trillion –China ~ $1.4 Trillion –India ~ $0.5 Trillion In OECD Countries ~ Half From Road Transport Source: OECD Secretary General Gurria,, May 21, 2014

6. Melt descending into a moulin, a vertical shaft carrying water to ice sheet base. Source: Roger Braithwaite, University of Manchester (UK) We Now Face A New Global Challenge: Climate Change

7. 7 Remember 2011! Severe Drought Followed By Extreme Flooding

8. 8 Source; WMO GHG Bulletin Number 8

9. Vehicle Pollution is an Increasingly Important Challenge

10. Historical High Growth Has Offset Many Improvements Vehicles Remain Important Contributor To Local, Regional and Global Pollution

11. In Your Face! Literally! 11

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16. BC: Linking Climate and Air Pollution Black Carbon (BC) is part of the air pollution mixture known as particulate matter (PM) – Most strongly light-absorbing component of PM – Formed by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass, and is a major component of “soot” – Mainly found in the fine particle (PM 2.5 ) fraction, which is most strongly linked to adverse health effects 16

17. Most Recent Study Says Black Carbon is Second Only To CO2 17

18. Clean Vehicle Technologies Appropriate Maintenance Clean Fuels Better Air Quality Transportation & Land use Planning Elements of a Comprehensive Vehicle Pollution Control Strategy LowEmissions

20. Diesel Vehicles and Engines are Ideal Candidates for Black Carbon Control Very high ratio of Black Carbon to Organic Carbon Ubiquitous Control Technology Exists Substantial Health Co- Benefits

21. 21 A Critical Technology: Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) Trapped Soot Cell Plugs Exhaust In (PM, CO, HC) Exhaust Out (CO 2, H 2 O) *Removes 90+% BC, PM; also HC and CO *Requires Ultralow Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)

23. Emissions standards for mobile sources in China 23 Source: Huiming Gong, CSEP

24. Dealing With Existing Vehicles Must Be A High Priority Will Dominate Inventory For Several Years

26. Strategies For In-use Vehicles Mandatory Retirement (Scrappage) –Best applied to the oldest vehicles –Can be the most cost-effective reduction strategy Retrofit –The installation of emissions control equipment on vehicles not yet ready for retirement –Requires Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (< 50 PPM) For Most Advanced PM Filters

27. Transport Problems Not Limited To Road Vehicles

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29. Looking Ahead: 15 Of The World’s Top 20 Ports Are In Asia 29 Source: American Association of Port Authorities, 2009 Provided by Rich Kassel

30. Fuel Cell Vehicles Battery Electric Vehicles Plug-In Hybrids New Energy Vehicles Entering the Market in California 2012-2015

31. Where Do We Go From Here? Developing a Clean Vehicles and Fuels Roadmap 31