1. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Chapter 5 Computer Organization

2. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-1 Computer hardware (subsystems)

3. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 CENTRALPROCESSING UNIT (CPU) CENTRALPROCESSING 5.1

4. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-2 CPU

5. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 MAIN MEMORY 5.2

6. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Table 5.1 Memory units Unit Unit ------------ kilobyte megabyte gigabyte terabyte petabyte exabyte Exact Number of bytes Exact Number of bytes ------------------------ 2 10 bytes 2 20 bytes 2 30 bytes 2 40 bytes 2 50 bytes 2 60 bytes Approximation Approximation ------------ 10 3 bytes 10 6 bytes 10 9 bytes 10 12 bytes 10 15 bytes 10 18 bytes

7. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-3 Main memory

8. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Memory addresses are defined using unsigned binary integers. Note:

9. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Example 1 A computer has 32 MB (megabytes) of memory. How many bits are needed to address any single byte in memory? Solution The memory address space is 32 MB, or 2 25 (2 5 x 2 20 ). This means you need log 2 2 25 or 25 bits, to address each byte.

10. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Example 2 A computer has 128 MB of memory. Each word in this computer is 8 bytes. How many bits are needed to address any single word in memory? Solution The memory address space is 128 MB, which means 2 27. However, each word is 8 (2 3 ) bytes, which means that you have 2 24 words. This means you need log 2 2 24 or 24 bits, to address each word.

11. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-4 Memory hierarchy

12. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-5 Cache

13. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 INPUT / OUTPUT 5.3

14. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-6 Physical layout of a magnetic disk

15. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-7 Surface organization of a disk

16. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-8 Mechanical configuration of a tape

17. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-9 Surface organization of a tape

18. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Table 5.2 CD-ROM speeds Speed ------------ 1x 2x 4x 6x 8x 12x 16x 24x 32x 40x Data Rate Data Rate ------------------------ 153,600 bytes per second 307,200 bytes per second 614,400 bytes per second 921,600 bytes per second 1,228,800 bytes per second 1,843,200 bytes per second 2,457,600 bytes per second 3,688,400 bytes per second 4,915,200 bytes per second 6,144,000 bytes per second Approximation Approximation ------------ 150 KB/s 300 KB/s 600 KB/s 900 KB/s 1.2 MB/s 1.8 MB/s 2.4 MB/s 3.6 MB/s 4.8 MB/s 6 MB/s

19. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-12 Making a CD-R

20. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-13 Making a CD-RW

21. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Table 5.3 DVD capacities Feature Feature --------------------------------- single-sided, single-layer single-sided, dual-layer double-sided, single-layer double-sided, dual-layer Capacity Capacity ------------ 4.7 GB 8.5 GB 9.4 GB 17 GB

22. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 SUBSYSTEMINTERCONNECTIONSUBSYSTEMINTERCONNECTION 5.4

23. Figure 5-14 Connecting CPU and memory using three buses

24. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-15 Connecting I/O devices to the buses

25. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 PROGRAMEXECUTIONPROGRAMEXECUTION 5.5

26. Figure 5-21 Steps of a cycle

27. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-22 Contents of memory and register before execution

28. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-23.a Contents of memory and registers after each cycle

29. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-23.b Contents of memory and registers after each cycle

30. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-23.c Contents of memory and registers after each cycle

31. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 5-23.d Contents of memory and registers after each cycle