1. Evaluating Physical Data Objectives: n you should be able to: Locate the physical data on the data sheetLocate the physical data on the data sheet Describe common physical data methodsDescribe common physical data methods Give examples of how to apply physical dataGive examples of how to apply physical data Determine if the physical data is internally consistentDetermine if the physical data is internally consistent Calculate fundamental relationshipsCalculate fundamental relationships

2. Exercise - find physical data n Complete exercise n SSL information manual (SSIR 45) pp 204-206

3. Exercise - find physical data n Find and write the following (page 204): Soil Survey Number ______Soil Survey Number ______ Percent clay for C3 horizon _______Percent clay for C3 horizon _______ Percent fine silt for BS horizon ______Percent fine silt for BS horizon ______ 1/3 bar bulk density for Ap2 horizon ______1/3 bar bulk density for Ap2 horizon ______ 15 bar on moist soil for Ap1 horizon ______15 bar on moist soil for Ap1 horizon ______ Water dispersible clay for Ap1 horizon _____Water dispersible clay for Ap1 horizon _____ Which horizons have 15bar/clay greater than 0.6? ______Which horizons have 15bar/clay greater than 0.6? ______ What is the method code for WRD? _____What is the method code for WRD? _____

4. Exercise - find physical data n Find and write the following (page 204): Soil Survey Number - S88ME-003-001Soil Survey Number - S88ME-003-001 Percent clay for C3 horizon - 23.2Percent clay for C3 horizon - 23.2 Percent fine silt for BS horizon - 28.9Percent fine silt for BS horizon - 28.9 1/3 bar bulk density for Ap2 horizon - 1.241/3 bar bulk density for Ap2 horizon - 1.24 15 bar on moist soil for Ap1 horizon - 9.915 bar on moist soil for Ap1 horizon - 9.9 Water dispersible clay for Ap1 horizon - 7.7Water dispersible clay for Ap1 horizon - 7.7 Which horizons have 15bar/clay greater than 0.6? Ap1, Ap2, BS, C1Which horizons have 15bar/clay greater than 0.6? Ap1, Ap2, BS, C1 What is the method code for WRD? 4C1What is the method code for WRD? 4C1

5. Physical Methods n Each data element has a method n Each method has a method code n The method is the standard operating procedurethe standard operating procedure part of the quality assurance program part of the quality assurance program n Lab methods are in SSIR 42: Laboratory Methods Manual n SSIR 42 was written for laboratory technicians n SSIR 51 – Field and Laboratory Methods

6. Internal Consistency n Consistency of data – does it follow expected trends -with other analyses -within pedons -with genetically and geographically associated pedons Laboratory consistency (repeatability) is monitored by use of standard samples for each batch.

7. Evaluating the consistency of physical data n Maximum, minimum, and representative values n Depth trends within a pedon : clay, Db … n Trends in physical, chemical and mineralogical data are compared. n Compare apples to apples. Know the methods used for the data you are comparing. Use the appropriate method.

8. n Inconsistency? n Rerun lab data? Representative site? Variability at sampling site? Sampling procedure. n Reevaluate your hypothesis

9. Physical Analytical Methods n Particle-Size n Bulk Density n Water Retention n COLE n Aggregate Stability

10. NASIS ‘Super 7’ n Coarse fragments n Sand n Silt n Clay n OM n Bulk density n Ksat

11. Particle-size analysis n Method 3A1 describes measuring sand, silt, and clay fractions with the pipette and sieves. n The sedimentation theory is based on Stokes’ Law. n Most applicable for soils with crystalline clays.

12. Particle-size analysis (pipette) n The method is precise within 1.5 percent, absolute. n Only method to obtain fine clay and CO 3 clay. n Method is time consuming and labor intensive.

13. Pipette PSDA analysis n Errors with pipette analysis are associated with sampling and measuring. n Uses pretreatments: OM, salts CO 3 … n Generally considered to be superior to other sedimentation methods, particularly at low clay contents where the hydrometer has low sensitivity.

14. Hydrometer PSDA analysis n Less equipment, quicker n Commonly does not remove OM and salts. (Dispersion can be a problem.)(Dispersion can be a problem.) n The major source of error is in the hydrometer reading. (Gee and Bauder, 1979) An error of +- 1 g/L in the hydrometer reading results in an error of about +- 2 wt % for clay size particles.

15. Evaluation and Interpretation of PSDA Data n Lab vs. field texture n Clay distribution with depth and morphology; (argillic? ). n Clay illuviation - fine clay distribution (Higher ratio of fine clay to total clay than overlying and underlying horizons.) n Distribution of silt and sand fractions (PM discontinuities)

17. Weighted average for control section 79CA093001Tangle control section: 15-65 cm HrzTopBotThickClayProduct A10212.6 A221512.6 Bt115402516.6415 Bt240712547.11178 Bt27110935.2 Bt310914531.6 Clay Weighted Average31.9(sum/50)

19. Examples of Data Interpretation Typical calculations - PSDTypical calculations - PSD –Weighted average for control section SSIR 45 pp. 16-17SSIR 45 pp. 16-17 –PSA on clay-free basis SSIR 45 pp. 188-199SSIR 45 pp. 188-199 –Changing basis whole soilwhole soil <75 mm<75 mm with soil organic carbonwith soil organic carbon

20. PSA on clay-free basis clayfsiltcsiltvfsfsmscsvcs A112.615.217.517.27.57.71012.3 Divide by 100-clay17.420.620.89.18.310.813.7 Use to determine PM, lithologic discontinuities

21. Changing Basis

22. PSDA – comparison of standard vs. ‘gypsic’ method SAMPLEHORIZONGYP % SAND %, STD METH. SAND %, GYPSIC METH. SILT %, STD METH. SILT %, GYPSIC METH. CLAY %, STD METH. CALC. CLAY %, GYPSIC METH. Series: Loki; Coarse-loamy, gypsic, thermic Typic Calcigypsid 06N04753A 0202451482928 06N04754 Bw 0141849463736 06N04755Bk 381546444541 06N047562By 6154150484512 06N047572B/Cy 854706128352 06N047582Cy1 7820814415364 06N047592Cy2 686805915365 06N047602Cy3 7115027387212

26. Bulk density n Moisture state when volume is measured should be specified. n 1/3 bar bulk density - oven-dry mass per unit bulk volume of soil equilibrated at 1/3 bar (<2 mm) tension. a. Clod method (primary method used by SSL), provides ancillary data: COLE, water content at 1/3 bar.a. Clod method (primary method used by SSL), provides ancillary data: COLE, water content at 1/3 bar. b. Reconstituted (plowed surface layer)b. Reconstituted (plowed surface layer)

27. Bulk density n Field moist bulk density – oven-dry mass per unit of bulk volume of soil at field moisture a. Compliant Cavity, frame, ring (excavation techniques)a. Compliant Cavity, frame, ring (excavation techniques) b. Known-volume can, field-moist coreb. Known-volume can, field-moist core (a. & b. <2mm / not natural fabric) (a. & b. <2mm / not natural fabric) Cores that are extracted without disturbing the natural fabric, and which remain in the core can be used for water retention.Cores that are extracted without disturbing the natural fabric, and which remain in the core can be used for water retention. 2. Oven-dry bulk density - oven-dry mass per unit bulk volume of soil at oven dryness (<2 mm)2. Oven-dry bulk density - oven-dry mass per unit bulk volume of soil at oven dryness (<2 mm)

28. Other bulk density measurements n Oven dry bulk density - oven dry mass per oven-dry volume unit of soil n Rewet bulk density - used to determine irreversible shrinkage.

29. Bulk density relationships n 1/3 bar bulk density is less than or equal to oven dry bulk density n There is less difference between clod and other methods in soils with less clay, more sand.

30. Bulk density relationships n Average Db at 1/3 bar Soils g/cc Organic 0.05-0.35 Sandy 1.50-1.70 Silty 1.30-1.60 Clayey1.20-1.40Soils g/cc Organic 0.05-0.35 Sandy 1.50-1.70 Silty 1.30-1.60 Clayey1.20-1.40 n Lab range for 1/3 bar / Db: n 0.03 g/cc - 2.53 g/cc n (>2.0 is unusual)

31. Bulk density average db values clay_classdb_13b(N)db_13bdb_od(N) db_od very-fine18731.1719071.49 fine106891.36106851.59 coarse silty10891.410381.46 fine silty55981.4356041.56 fine loamy86211.4685041.57 sandy41891.4740131.51 coarse loamy48421.4746031.54

32. Water Retention n Determined by desorption on pressure plate. n Determined on n 1)natural fabric clod /core or n 2) <2mm

33. Water Retention n 15-bar (1500 kPa) --ground soil <2 mm Approximate wilting pointApproximate wilting point n 2-bar (200 kPa)--ground soil <2 mm Approximate point at which plants begin to experience stressApproximate point at which plants begin to experience stress n 1/3 bar (33 kPa) --natural fabric Approximate field capacityApproximate field capacity n 1/10 bar (10kPa)--natural fabric Approximate field capacity in sandy soilsApproximate field capacity in sandy soils

34. Appropriate sample types for water retention n Low tension (1/3 bar, 1/10 bar, - 6, 10, 33, 100 kPa) water retention determinations require clods for textures finer than sandy loam. n Higher tension (2 bar /200 kPa, 15 bar / 1500 kPa) can be determined on <2mm sieved samples.

36. 15 bar to clay ratio ( > 5-10 percent clay) n Provides an indication of dispersion n Rule of thumb-- percent clay equals 2.5 times 15-bar water content minus percent organic carbon. n This may be used to estimate clay content in hard-to-disperse soils.

37. 15 bar : clay ratio n For a typical soil with well dispersed clays, the ratio is 0.4. (If you remember no more, remember point four.) n Higher ratios indicate poor dispersion of clays.

41. 15 bar to clay ratios Other factors: n Low activity clays lower ratio to < 0.35 n High activity clays increase the ratio n Variable surface charge and amorphous clay minerals n Organic soils – higher 15bar : clay n Other soils with dispersion problems, salts, gypsum

42. n Low activity clays, iron oxides, clay- sized carbonates produce 15 bar / clay of <0.4. n Ratios of less than 0.3 are common in some soils that contain large amounts n of gypsum.

43. Isotic mineralogy criteria n The ratio of 1500 kPa water to measured clay is 0.6 or more. n (Also NaF pH > 8.4 and no carbonates.)

44. n 15 bar water =.12 n OC = 2% n % clay = ______?

45. n % clay = 2.5 x.12 +2 = 32%

46. n 15 bar water =.12 n clay =.50 n 15 bar water =.23 n clay =.27

47. n.12 /.50 =.24 gypsum? Salts? n.23 /.27 =.85 andic?

48. Water relationships n Water is held at higher tension by smaller particles. n High tension water is held mostly in micropores (in interstitial spaces between soil particles): <2mm samples vs. clods can be used for 15 bar WR. There is no significant water in macropores at 15 bars.

49. Water retention different (WRD) n The difference between the 15 bar water content and the 1/10 or 1/3 bar water content on a volume basis weight percent X bulk density = volumetric water contentweight percent X bulk density = volumetric water content

50. Soil Water Retention Curve n Silty Clay Loam

51. Available Water Capacity (AWC) n The difference between field capacity and wilting point (Wilting point varies with the kind of crop.)

54. Water Retention Curve

58. COLE n Coefficient of Linear Extensibility

59. COLE –Coefficient of Linear Extensibility n 1. When coarse fragments are absent (COLE,<2mm, 1/3bar-oven dry ): n COLE whole soil = (Db d<2mm /Db 33<2mm ) 1/3 – 1 n Units = cm / cm n 2. When coarse fragments are present (whole soil, 1/3bar-oven dry)

60. Coefficient of Linear Extensibility (COLE) n Determined using an undisturbed clod Measures change in volume from 1/3 bar to oven dry.

61. COLE – soil paste / soil rod n COLE rod = (L w – L d ) / L d n uses sieved < 2mm soil n the shrinkage of the soil paste was ~ twice that of the clod with a regression as follows: COLE std = 0.0124 + 0.571 COLE rod (r2 = 0.829). (Schafer and Singer, 1976)

62. Linear Extensibility n Linear extensibility of a layer = COLE x thickness of layer n Linear extensibility of a soil = sum of LE for all layers to 100 cm or root limiting layer n LE of 6.0 or more is a criterion for most vertic subgroups

63. Aggregate Stability n n measures the retention of air-dry aggregates (2 to 1 mm) on a 0.5-mm sieve after sample has been submerged in water overnight followed by agitation of sample. n n Reported as percentage of.5 to 2 mm aggregates retained after wet sieving. n n Potential soil quality indicator.

64. Interpreting IRIS tube data

66. n IRIS tubes can also be used to characterize reducing conditions for studies not specifically related to hydric soil determinations.

73. Exercise -- Hydrometer PSDA data spreadsheet

74. Cumulative Particle-Size Distribution Curve (<75-mm base)

75. Exercise: Construct Distribution Curve n Plot measured values from 0.002 to 75 mm on semi-log paper n Sample number 88P3856 n Data on pages 204, 209 n Plot on chart obtained from National Soil Mechanics Lab n Show how to obtain intermediate values