1. EXPANDED APPLICATIONS FOR DENDROCHRONOLOGY IN ARCHAEOLOGY: AN ECOLOGICAL INTERFACE James H. Speer and Karla Hansen-Speer Indiana State University Washington University in St. Louis

2. Anthropogenic Ecology  Extent to which people have affected their local landscape  Examples include check dams, canals, rock mulching  Minnis 2000; Wagner 2003

3. Resource Availability  How the environment provides resources for human populations  A logical extension of anthropogenic ecology is the feedback of how humans affect resource availability

4. Dendroarchaeology  Construction Dates  Culturally Modifies Trees

5. Vegas and Latillas Pueblo Bonito

6. Vega Pueblo Bonito

13. Dendroclimatology  Temperature  Precipitation  Palmer Drought Severity Index  Dean 1988; Grissino-Mayer 1995, Ahlstrom et al. 1995, Stahle et al. 1998; van West and Dean 2000 Grissino-Mayer et al. 1997

14. Dendroecological Records  Fire History  Insect Outbreak Reconstruction  Stand-Age Structure  Mast History

15. Fire History

17. Swetnam et al. 1999

18. Fire History  Many chronologies in the American Southwest extending back to A.D. 1600  Chronologies in the Eastern US extending back to A.D. 1800  Examine Native American and historical fire use  Pyne 1982; Swetnam 1990; Agee 1993; Vale 2002

19. Pandora Moth Reconstruction

22. Speer et al. 2001

23. Insect Outbreak Reconstructions  Insects as a known food source  Ethnographic studies of pandora moth consumption  Bearing on settlement patterns  Aldrich 1912; Blake and Wagner 1987; Fitzgerald 1992

24. Stand-Age Structure at the Alscheid Rock Shelter  Located in Illinois approximately 20 kilometers from the Mississippi River  Repeated and intensive use by Native Americans as a campsite from ca. 4700 B.C. to A.D. 1400  Vegetation type is Temperate Deciduous Forest

26. CASPHickory species21% ULSPElm species16% QUALWhite Oak12% OSVIHopHornbeam9% QURUNorthern Red Oak7% AMARDowny Serviceberry6% SAALSassafras5% CODRRoughleaf Dogwood5% FRSPAsh species5% QUMABlackjack Oak3% ACSASugar Maple3% QUIMLaurel Oak2% CEOCHackberry2% JUVIEastern Red Cedar2% TIAMAmerican Basswood1% CACAAmerican Hornbeam1% DIVIPersimmon0% RHCODwarf Sumac0% Speer and Arntzen, unpublished data

27. Mast Reconstructions  Reconstruction of the periodic fruiting of plants  Currently mast records are short and sparse

30. White Oak Regional Chronology Speer 2001

31. Conclusions  Dendroecology can provide a variety of useful records to examine anthropogenic ecology and resource availability  These records can contribute to archaeological interpretation  Historic as well as prehistoric archaeology may benefit from these records  More collaboration between dendrochronologists and archaeologists is encouraged

32. Acknowledgements  We would like to thank the following funding agencies  National Science Foundation  Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research  USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station