2. What is Anthropology? Anthropology is the broad study of humankind around the world and throughout time. It is concerned with both the biological and the cultural aspects of humans.

3. There are four main subdivisions (areas) in the study of Anthropology: Physical Anthropology Archeology Cultural Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology

4. Physical Anthropology: Theory of Evolution Theory of Evolution Origin of Humans Origin of Humans Primatology Primatology Evolutionary Timeline Evolutionary Timeline Genetic Inheritance Genetic Inheritance Physical Adaptations Physical Adaptations Anthropologists: Anthropologists: –Darwin –Leakey's Cultural Anthropology: Definition and Aspects of Culture Definition and Aspects of Culture Race as a Social Construct Race as a Social Construct Race and Adaptation Race and Adaptation Participation/Observation Participation/Observation Anthropologists: Anthropologists: –Jane Goodall –Franz Boas –Margaret Mead

5. Physical Anthropology: How the human species has changed physically over time (hundreds of millions of years) – called Biological evolution Study of Primatology – primates (apes, chimps as ancestors of humans) Why we have certain physical characteristics from our ancestors (i.e. skin colour…) - called Genetic inheritance Evolution refers to change or transformation over time - how have humans changed and adapted over time – called Adaptation Fossil record of human evolution

6. Archaeology: Prehistory and early Prehistory and early history of cultures around the world Major trends in cultural Major trends in cultural evolution evolution Techniques for finding, excavating, dating, and analyzing material remains of past societies – used to help prove theories, i.e. evolution, artifacts… Techniques for finding, excavating, dating, and analyzing material remains of past societies – used to help prove theories, i.e. evolution, artifacts… – Archaeological Field Methods: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7m9wq_mtY4 Q http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7m9wq_mtY4 Q http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7m9wq_mtY4 Q

7. Cultural Anthropology: Culture and traditions of a Culture and traditions of a group of people Ethnocentrism – Ethnocentrism – – comparing other cultures to your own, believing that one’s own culture is superior to others – based on lack of knowledge and understanding – leads to stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination

8. Linguistic Anthropology: The human communication process The human communication process Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication The structure, function, and history of languages The structure, function, and history of languages

9. Linguistics studies: The human communication process The human communication process Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication The structure, function, and history of languages The structure, function, and history of languages Linguistic Anthropology

10. Communication allows us to express feelings, describe tasks, argue or discuss a position or ideas Communication allows us to express feelings, describe tasks, argue or discuss a position or ideas Communication was an essential skill for our ancestors Communication was an essential skill for our ancestors –Co-operation during the hunt –Warning of potential danger Linguistic Anthropology: Communication

11. Skills and Methods used by Anthropologists Participation-observation Collection of statistics Field interviews Rigorous compilation of detailed notes Fieldwork on anthropologists is know as “ethnography”: the scientific study of human races and cultures

12. Culture The Latin translation of culture (cultura) is “to cultivate” The Latin translation of culture (cultura) is “to cultivate” The dictionary definition for culture is “the sum total of ways of living built up by a group of human beings and transmitted from one generation to another.” The dictionary definition for culture is “the sum total of ways of living built up by a group of human beings and transmitted from one generation to another.” From this second definition, you can see that culture necessarily needs certain aspects. From this second definition, you can see that culture necessarily needs certain aspects.

13. Culture ► Take a moment to jot down a list of the necessary elements of culture

14. Homework Question Does communication technology enhance or diminish cultural awareness and variety? Does communication technology enhance or diminish cultural awareness and variety? Write a short (1 page) explanation of your opinion on this and why you believe it. Write a short (1 page) explanation of your opinion on this and why you believe it.

15. Examples of Famous Anthropologists Lewis Henry Morgan Louis, Mary Leaky Jane Goodall Franz Boas Margaret Mead

16. Famous Anthropologists Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881) Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881) -One of the first that researched anthropological research of Aboriginals in North America -One of the first that researched anthropological research of Aboriginals in North America -Proposed that the earliest human institution was matriachal, not patriarchal. -Proposed that the earliest human institution was matriachal, not patriarchal. -Identified three phases of social evolution: 1.Savagery -Identified three phases of social evolution: 1.Savagery 2. Barbarism 2. Barbarism 3. Civilization 3. Civilization

17. Franz Boas Born: 9-Jul-1858, Birthplace: Minden, Germany, Died: 22-Dec-1942 Studied and widely collected information on race, linguistics, art, dance, and archaeology. Studied and widely collected information on race, linguistics, art, dance, and archaeology. From these studies he developed his theory of relativism, debunking the prevailing beliefs that Western Civilization is superior to less complex societies. From these studies he developed his theory of relativism, debunking the prevailing beliefs that Western Civilization is superior to less complex societies. Short Biography: Short Biography: –http://www.biography.com/peopl e/franz-boas-9216786 http://www.biography.com/peopl e/franz-boas-9216786http://www.biography.com/peopl e/franz-boas-9216786

18. Cultural Relativism Cultural relativism is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to the individual within his own social context. Cultural relativism is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to the individual within his own social context. – In other words, “right” and “wrong” are culture-specific; what is considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in another, and, since no universal standard of morality exists, no one has the right to judge another society’s customs. Cultural relativism is widely accepted in modern anthropology. Cultural relativism is widely accepted in modern anthropology. Cultural relativists believe that all cultures are worthy in their own right and are of equal value. Cultural relativists believe that all cultures are worthy in their own right and are of equal value. Diversity of cultures, even those with conflicting moral beliefs, is not to be considered in terms of right and wrong or good and bad. Diversity of cultures, even those with conflicting moral beliefs, is not to be considered in terms of right and wrong or good and bad. Today’s anthropologist considers all cultures to be equally legitimate expressions of human existence, to be studied from a purely neutral perspective. Today’s anthropologist considers all cultures to be equally legitimate expressions of human existence, to be studied from a purely neutral perspective.

19. Margaret Mead Born: December 16, 1901, Birthplace: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Died: November 15, 1978 Proposed that culture and gender roles play just as strong a role as biology in influencing adolescent behavior— Proposed that culture and gender roles play just as strong a role as biology in influencing adolescent behavior— Much of her research was completed via participation/observation in Samoa and New Guinea Much of her research was completed via participation/observation in Samoa and New Guinea –published Coming of Age in Samoa  presented the idea that the individual experience of developmental stages could be shaped by cultural demands and expectations –published Growing Up in New Guinea  she demonstrated that gender roles differed from one society to another, depending at least as much on culture as on biology

20. Louis and Mary Leakey Credited with discovering physical evidence to support the evolutionary timeline Credited with discovering physical evidence to support the evolutionary timeline Much of their discoveries were throughout Africa Much of their discoveries were throughout Africa Short Biography: Short Biography: http://www.leakey.com/origins

21. Jane Goodall Born: 3 April 1934, Birthplace: London, England, Died: n/a Worked directly with the Leaky family Worked directly with the Leaky family Her specialty was living with and understanding the language and behaviour of chimps Her specialty was living with and understanding the language and behaviour of chimps Her famous work is an example of the participation/observation method Her famous work is an example of the participation/observation method View the short interview with Jane Goodall: View the short interview with Jane Goodall: –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k 5Q6-hh49mU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k 5Q6-hh49mUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k 5Q6-hh49mU –Documentary: Wild Chimpanzees

22. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=158cJ 8Hd9UM