1. Blood, Lymph, & Immune Systems Anatomy, Physiology, Diagnostics, Procedures, and Pathology

2. Some General Terms:  Anaphylaxis  Antibody (Ab)  Antigen (Ag)  Cellular immunity: requires T cells and is usually slower to develop than humoral  Host  Humoral immunity-requires antibodies and is typical a rapid response compared to cellular

3. More General Terms  Immunopathology: study of disease of the immune system Immune compromise Autoimmunity Anaphylaxis/allergy  Opportunistic infections  Serum: thick yellowish fluid that, along with the cells, make up whole blood (only 8% of body tissues)

4. Blood Composition  Fluid component Plasma Serum: does not have clotting factors  Cellular component White cells of many types Red cells platelets

5. Plasma and Serum  Plasma Thin, mostly (92%) aqueous fluid Blood cells are suspected in this Contains proteins, hormones, etc  Serum Same as above except for clotting factors Blood tests measure serum values

6. Blood Cells  White blood cells (WBC) Leukocyte Inflammatory reaction to injury, defense against infection & foreign materials  Red blood cells (RBC) Transport and exchange oxygen between the lungs and peripheral tissues  Platelets Part of clotting mechanism, stops hemorrhage

7. Blood Cells  All start out as general stem cells (marrow) Diaphyses of long bones, skull, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, sternum Called hematopoiesis  Differentiate into the 3 types of cells Erythropoiesis Leukopoiesis thrombopoiesis

8. Erythrocytes  Most numerous blood cell  Have no nucleus  Biconcave disc shape  Immature circulating RBC’s=reticulocytes  Contain hemoglobin (Hb) molecules Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Chemical recycling of Hb into hemosiderin

9. Leukocytes  Many functions  Some WBC are in blood, others can migrate to tissues  Categories Granulocytes Have granules in their cytoplasm Most numerous of the WBC’s Agranulocytes

10. Granulocytes  Have granules filled with various chemicals in their cytoplasm  Have a multilobed nucleus polymorphonuclear  3 types Neutrophil = most numerous Eosinophil basophil

11. Types of Granulocytes  Neutrophils Motile phagocytes Engulf and destroy invading organismsforeign material First cells at injury site  Eosinophils Granules contain numerous chemical mediators that neutralize other compounds Associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections

12. Types of Granulocytes  Basophils Granules contain histamine and heparin

13. Agranulocytes  No lobes in their nuclei (mononuclear cells)  2 types Monocytes Enter tissues to become macrophages (phagocytes) Associated with immunity Lymphocytes B cells, T cells (humoral & cellular immunity) Natural killer cells (fight cancer cells, infected cells)

14. Platelets  Smallest blood cells Fragments of other cells  Also called thrombocytes  Initiate blood clotting

15. Clotting Mechanism  Tissue injury starts thromboplastin release.  Thromboplastin, other clotting factors, and calcium combine to form prothrombin activator.  Prothrombin activator lyses prothrombin into thrombin  Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin  Fibrin fibers form a net that traps blood cells into a gelatinous clot over injury site.

16. Blood Groups  Determined by the particular antigens (a protein) on the RBC surfaces of a person  Four blood types A, B, AB, O  Two surface antigens A and B

17. Blood Types  Type O has neither of these Ag’s, both Ab’s  Type AB has both of these Ag’s, no Ab’s  Type A has only A antigen and Anti-B.  Type B has only B antigen and Anti-A  Type O is most common (universal donor)  Type AB is least common (universal recipient)

18. Lymph System  A circulating fluid that contains lymphocytes and monocytes.  Vessels are called lymphatics (vessels)  Other anatomical structures: Lymph nodes (filters) Tonsils (filters in the pharynx) Thymus (makes lymphocytes into T cells) Spleen (filter)

19. Lymph System  Drain ECF away from tissues and return it to blood.  Filters cellular debris or infectious cells from body tissues  Transports lipids away from GI tract

20. Lymphatic Route  Plasma transudates out of blood capillaries  Becomes ECF  ECF enters lymphatic capillaries  Is filtered through various lymph nodes  Eventually flows through either the right lymphatic duct into the R. subclavian vein or into the thoracic duct into L. subclavian vein

21. Immune System