1. The Circulatory System
Mr. Akin’s Animal Science Class

2. Circulatory consists of . . .
Heart
Veins
Capillaries
Arteries
Lymph Vessels
Lymph Glands

3. Specific Functions of the CS
Distribution of nutrients
Transportation and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Removal of waster materials
Distribution of endocrine secretions
Prevention of excessive bleeding
Prevention of infection
Regulation of body temperature

4. The heart

5. The Heart

6. Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart
Located in the thoracic cavity
Funnel-shaped, hollow, muscular organ
Housed in the pericardial sac = pericardium

7. Heart The wall of the heart consists of 3 layers: 1. Epicardium
Outer layer is actually the inside layer of the pericardium
2. Endocardium
Consist of endothelial cells
3. Myocardium
Middle layer of the walls

8. Heart = divided into left and right side
Ventricle
Atrium
Atrioventricular valve (AV) = bicuspid
Aortic Valve
Right
Ventricle
Atrium
Atrioventricular valve (AV) = tricuspid
Pulmonary Valve
Valves consists of two or three flaps of skin called leaflets.

9. Valves

12. Valves

13. Blood flow Blood returns through the cranial and caudal vena cava
Right atrium to ventricle to lungs through the pulmonary artery
Returns in Pulmonary vein
To left atrium to left ventricle
Oxygenated blood goes out the body in the aorta

14. Common heart lesions
Notice the black areas of the heart. This is an indication of diseased or dead tissue.

15. Notice the "cauliflower" lesion on the walls of the hearts in the above photos. This is a thrombus (blood clot adhered to a blood vessel or the heart) and is usually found on the valves of the heart.

16. The hearts in these photos each have a hole that is in the septum, middle wall of the heart, connecting the two sides of the heart.
                                             
                                         

17. The heart sac has been opened and you can see that the heart is surrounded by fibrous material. This material is due to infection within the heart sac. This can be referred to as a "shaggy heart".

18. Blood Flow

19. Blood Flow

20. Flow through Body

21. The Heart Beat Controlled by the action of the sinoatrial (SA) node
Group of cells located in the right atrium that send out electric signals to make the heart pump
Heart’s “natural” pacemaker
Travel across to the AV node
Reacts to adrenaline
The Sinoatrial Node
                                                                                                                                                

22. Blood Vessels Arteries – carry oxygenated blood to the body
Veins – carry unoxygenated blood to the lungs
Capillaries – where O2 and CO2 change; connect arteries to veins.

23. Capillary Bed

24. Other than the Lungs . . . Blood passes through: Kidneys
- filter much of the waste from blood
Small Intestine
- picks up nutrients
Liver
- filters sugars from the blood and stores them

25. A & P of Blood Expressed as % of body weight - 7.7% in cattle
- 8.0% in sheep
- 9.7% in horses

26. Plasma Comprises 50 to 60 percent of the total volume of blood
Plasma is a straw-colored liquid = 90% H2O and 10% solids
Solids = inorganic salts and organic substances like antibodies, hormones, vitamins, enzymes, proteins, and glucose.

27. Erythrocytes = bioconcave
RBC’s – Contain Hemoglobin – Hb is made of Fe
Leukocytes
WBC’s – two types
Platelets
Blood clotting

28. Erythrocytes

29. Erythrocytes Live 90 to 120 days
Reabsorbed by the spleen, liver, bone marrow, or lymph nodes.
Anemia = results when a subnormal level of RBC’s and Hb exists. Other causes can be caused by parasites
Hemoconcentration = normally caused by by dehydration from vomiting or diarrhea

30. Leukocytes Two categories:
Granulocytes
Neutrophils – made in bone marrow; fight disease – pus- abscess
Eosinophils – contain mostly histamine – indicates allergies
Basophils – rare in blood; responsible for the symptoms of allergies
Agranulocytes – produced by the lymph glands, spleen, thymus
Monocyte – absorb disease, do not produce pus but join body tissue
lymphocyte
WBC’s differ from RBC’s because they have a nucleus and free movement

31. Pus and Abscess

32. Abscess

33. Vertebral Abscess from tail docking

34. Abscess

35. WBC attacking bacteria

36. WBC and RBC comparison

37. Platelets Coagulation – blood clotting and healing
Normal blood clotting times:
Cattle = 6.5 minutes
Swine = 3.5 minutes
Sheep = 2.5 minutes
Horses = 11.5 minutes

38. Fibrinogen
Is a fiberous protein in the blood that reacts with thrombin produced from the injured tissue to make a threa-like mass called Fibrin.
Vitamin K is IMPORTANT in this feat!

39. Blood Types in Animals Some may cause disease in offspring Example:
Has been used in identifying swine that has PSS (Porcine Stress Syndrome)

40. Lymph System An accessory to the Circulatory system
Responsible for for filtering foreign substances from the lymph.

41. Lymph System

42. Lymph Node and Glands Scattered among the vessels
Produce Lymphocytes and Antibodies
Each lymph gland has its own blood supply and venous drainage.

43. Lymph Node

44. Lymph Node Bovine TB in Wild Hog

45. Temperature
If temp is elevated above norm, then the animal has a fever.
Many things other than ill health affect temp.
Excitement
Exercise
Digestion
Rest
High Surrounding Temp

46. Temperature Range NORMAL
Horse
100.5
99.5 – 101.5
Cattle
101.5
100.5 – 102.5
Swine
102.5
101.0 – 103.0
Sheep
103.0
102.0 – 104.0

47. Temperature is usually taken in the rectum in animals.

48. The End
All Information came from 8646-A IMS material and pictures from random websites with web addresses tied to the pictures.