1. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Dr Rozzana Mohd Said

2. ORGANIZATION Consists of: Lymph Lymphatic vessels
Lymphoid tissues and organs
Lymphocytes + phagocytes + other cells

3. FUNCTIONS Primary function:
To produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes for body defense mechanisms
Secondary function:
To return fluid into the general circulation so that normal blood volume is maintained
To distribute hormones, nutrients and waste products from tissues of origin to the general circulation

4. The system
The lymphatic system is filled with millions of one-way valves, which allows the lymph fluid to flow in only one direction - usually upward away from gravity.
The lymphatic system collects toxins in the body
If this flow is impaired, the fluid becomes thick and toxic.

5. LYMPHATIC VESSELS
small amount of interstitial fluid that remains is picked up by tiny vessels called lymph capillaries.
lymph capillaries wall very porous

6. LYMPHATIC VESSELS
lymph capillaries drain into still larger vessels that make up the lymphatic system.
flow through the lymph vessels is quite slow
Lymphatic vessels carry lymph, a colorless liquid, throughout the body. Along lymph vessels are small bean-shaped glandular nodules called lymph nodes.

7. LYMPHATIC VESSELS
Afferent lymphatic vessels carry lymph into the nodes where waste products and some of the fluid are filtered out
Efferent lymphatic vessels carry lymph out of the node to continue its return to the circulatory system.

8. BLOCKAGE OF THE LYMPH VESSELS
Elephantiasis. Elephantiasis is a condition of extreme edema that occurs when lymph vessels become blocked by filarial worms. Here the left leg is swollen with the fluids accumulated in the tissues as a result of the blockage.

9. LYMPHATIC CIRCULATION
All the lymph collected from
the entire left side of the body,
the digestive tract and
the right side of the lower part of the body
flows into a single major vessel, the thoracic duct.

10. Drainage area

11. The Left Drainage Area removes lymph from the:
Left side of the head and neck
Left arm and the left upper quadrant
Lower trunk
Both legs

12. The Right Drainage Area removes lymph from the:
Right side of the head and neck
Right arm
Upper right quadrant of the body.
Lymph from this area flows into the right lymphatic duct. This duct returns the lymph to the circulatory system by draining into the right subclavian vein.

13. LYMPH
Lymph originates as blood plasma lost from the circulatory system, which leaks out into the surrounding tissues
within the lymphatic system the fluid is called lymph, and has almost the same composition as the original interstitial fluid.

14. LYMPH The production of lymph is increased by
increased blood pressure in the capillaries and/or
a decreased concentration of plasma proteins (such as occurs in prolonged malnutrition).
The lymphatic system may be unable to handle the increased volume
of lymph, and it may accumulate in the tissues and distend them.
This condition is known as edema.

15. POSITION OF LYMPHATIC ORGANS IN THE BODY

16. LYMPHATIC ORGANS
Tonsil: clusters of lymphatic tissues just under the mucous membranes that line the nose, mouth, and pharynx.
Nasopharyngeal tonsils / adenoids: at the back of the nose, at the meet of the back of throat

17. LYMPHATIC ORGANS
Peyer patch: lymphoid tissue on the visceral surface of the small intestine.

18. LYMPHOID ORGANS
Spleen: it is similar to a lymph node in shape and structure but it is much larger

19. LYMPHOID ORGANS
Thymus: a soft organ with two lobes that is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum.

20. LYMPH NODES Lymph nodes are scattered throughout the lymphatic system
groin
armpits
abdomen and
neck.
Lymph nodes also manufacture
antibodies and
lymphocytes
These contain cavities - called sinuses - into which the lymph flows
The walls of the sinuses are lined with phagocytic cells
filtering mechanism
heavy infection - "swollen glands".

21. STRUCTURE OF THE LYMPH NODES

22. LYMPHOCYTES
A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell present in the blood
lymphocytes help provide a specific response to attack the invading organisms
Lymphocytes help to protect the body against tumors (tissues that grow more rapidly than normal)
lymphocytes can also cause the rejection of tissues during organ transplants because they interpret these tissues as foreign invaders

23. LYMPHOCYTES
Lymphocytes are formed in lymphatic tissue throughout the body
lymphatic tissue include the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and lymph nodes
Lymphocytes are also made by fetal stem cells and develop in the bone marrow
After the lymphocytes are formed, they are released into the circulating blood.

24. LYMPHOCYTES two types of lymphocytes
T cells and B cells
differ in function and the molecules that are on their surface
15% to 40% of white blood cells are lymphocytes

25. In general, the lymphatic system:
Drains fluid back into the general circulation
Filters lymph
Fight infections