1. Posture and Range of Motion
Client Assessment
Posture and Range of Motion

2. Reasons for Assessment
To define the most appropriate massage session.
To refer the client to another health care or medical professional when necessary.

3. Gravity and Posture
Gravity is a constant force that ‘can’ work against proper body posture.
Many postural disorders (kyphosis, anterior head carriage, etc.) occur because something has decreased the body’s ability to overcome the force of gravity.

4. Gravity in Massage
Bodywork practitioners can use gravity to their advantage.
It is important to position the client correctly to minimize the amount of unnecessary bodywork on the part of the practitioner.
Standing
When a person stands up, gravity draws blood from the upper portions of the body down to the lower extremities. If the body does not adapt quickly enough, the person may become light- headed, dizzy, or faint.
Stroking
When using massage strokes to reduce inflammation, the inflamed part of the body can be elevated above the heart so that gravity will help draw fluid out of the extremity.

5. Palpation
Palpation requires the ability to differentiate, compare, and assess many qualities of the body through touch.
Palpation can help us to detect the following:
Tension
Temperature
Texture
Movements
Pulses
Adhesions
Energy flows and blocks

6. Postural Analysis
Correct posture is best described using a plumb line as a reference point.
A plumb line is a cord suspended from a fixed point with a plumb bob or other weight attached at the bottom.
As the client stands by the plumb line, distortions and faulty alignments are easily seen.
From the anterior view, all structures front and back should ideally be symmetrical about the plumb line.
From the lateral view, certain bony landmarks can be compared with the reference line to assess proper alignment.

7. Lateral View Landmarks
From the lateral view, the reference line should be positioned as follows:
Slightly anterior to the lateral malleolus.
Slightly anterior to the midline of the knee joint.
Approximately through the greater trochanter (posterior to the axis of the hip joint).
Midline of the trunk (through the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae).
Through the shoulder joint.
Through the bodies of the cervical vertebrae.
Through the lobe of the ear (external auditory meatus).

8. Range of Motion Active Range of Motion Passive Range of Motion
The client moves a part of his body using his own power.
Passive Range of Motion
The client relaxes and the practitioner moves his body.

9. Active Range of Motion
Ask the client to move his body part and joint in the direction you wish to measure.
Let the client move himself without any help from you.
Measure the degrees of motion the client achieves in the joint with a measurement tool such as an inclinometer or a goniometer.

10. Passive Range of Motion
Ask the client to relax the body part or joint you wish to move.
As you move the joint in the direction you wish to measure, notice any resistance the client is giving back.
Notice any resistance from the client’s muscles.
Once you have moved the joint through as much motion as it will go, notice the end-feel of the joint.
Hard end-feel – two bones come together.
Firm end-feel – a tendon or tight ligament has stretched.
Soft end-feel – a muscle is tight or the joint is swollen.
Measure the degrees of motion the client achieves in the joint with a goniometer or inclinometer.

11. Strength
You can learn muscle testing and muscle screening techniques to assess muscle strength.
To test a specific muscle strength, place the muscle in a shortened position and press gently, but firmly in the opposite direction that the muscle would normally move in. Gradually increase your pressure until the patient’s strength gives out or the arm starts to move.

12. Visual Assessment Gait or walking pattern Posture Basic body structure
Is each movement smooth, balanced, and symmetric?
Posture
What kind of posture does the client assume?
Basic body structure
What kind of basic body structure does the client have? Does he have any deformities (uneven shoulders, uneven hips, lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis)
Movement patterns or restrictions
Does the client exhibit any range of motion deficits that involve a joint or the surrounding muscles, tendons, or ligaments?
Eyes
Does the client maintain good eye contact?

13. Visual Assessment Visible pathologic conditions Breathing
Are there any visible pathologies (i.e. varicose veins, bruises, inflammation)?
Breathing
Is the client’s respiration normal? (rhythm and depth)
Sympathetic or parasympathetic condition
Is the client anxious, angry, excited, agitated, or restless (sympathetic condition)? Is the client relaxed, calm, content, or depressed (parasympathetic condition)?
Emotional condition
Can you deduce any more about how the client is feeling by how he looks?
Physical condition
How much energy does the client display? Does he appear energetic or tired?

14. Structural Compensatory Patterns
The body has many structural compensatory patterns for musculoskeletal disorders.
Alignment – the natural position of a bone or limb as it relates to gravity. Joints required to function out of their normal position often become misaligned.

15. Structural Compensatory Patterns
Hyper-mobility – a condition in which a joint has more range of motion than would normally be permitted. This is usually associated with lax ligaments.
Hypo-mobility – a condition in which a joint has less range of motion than would normally be permitted. This is usually associated with tight ligaments or contractures (shortening of soft tissue structures around a joint).
Substitution – an attempt of one muscle to function in place of another muscle that fails to perform because of pain or weakness. This often results in faulty movement patterns and can lead to unbalanced or strained muscles.