1. Sustainable indicators footprints as examples Alon Shepon

2. outline Indicators in general Ecological footprint Water footprint Carbon footprint

3. definition Measurement tools to quantitatively assess the appropriation of ecosystem services, resources, and establish the environmental load. We encountered LCA, MFA, EIOLCA, Net energy Analysis. We will examine three other frameworks to assess sustainability

4. Ecological footprint analysis 1.Land type is divided into 6 types, grazing (meat, wool), crop (food fodder, oil etc), forest (timber, fuel, rubber), build-up (transportation, industry), fish, burning fossil fuel. ecological footprint biocapacity Land available Yield factor produc tion yield Equivalence factor

5. Yield factor (YF) calculation Area to produce product i with world yield Area to produce product i with national yield

6. Trade - the footprint of consumption is basically the products and services produced for local consumption minus the import The equivalence convert land type into world average biologically productive area: global hectare EQF(gha/ha) 2005 Primary Cropland 2.64 Forest 1.33 Grazing Land 0.50 Marine 0.40 Carbon 1.33 Built-up Land 2.64

9. Overshoot Earth Overshoot Day marks the day when humanity begins living beyond its ecological means: [ world biocapacity / world Ecological Footprint ] x 365 = Ecological Debt Day

10. Water footprint of a product ► the volume of fresh water used to produce the product, summed over the various steps of the production chain. ► when and where the water was used: a water footprint includes a temporal and spatial dimension.

11. [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

19. Water footprint of a product Grey water footprint ► volume of polluted water, the amount of water needed to dilute to standard acceptable level: Blue water footprint ► volume of surface or groundwater consumed (not returned immeditely to catchment) Blue = BlueWaterEvap+BlueWaterIncop+LostRetunFlow Green water footprint ► volume of rainwater consumed Green = GreenwaterEvap+GreenwaterIncop

20. Assessing the water footprint of crop and animal products Water footprint of a crop Crop water use (m 3 /ha) / Crop yield (ton/ha) Water footprint of an animal Sum of water for feed, drinking and servicing Water footprint of a crop or livestock product Distribute the water footprint of the root product over its derived products

21. Crop water requirement 1.Calculate reference crop evapotranspiration ET 0 (mm/day) 2.Calculate crop evapotranspiration Et c (mm/day) Et c = ET 0  K c where K c = crop coefficient 3.Calculate crop water requirement CWR (m 3 /ha) CWR = Σ Et c [accumulate over growing period]

22. Green water use by crop = min (Et c, P eff ) Blue water use by crop = max(Et c - P eff, 0)

23. Water footprint of biofuels from different crops [litre/litre] [Gerbens-Leenes, Hoekstra & Van der Meer, 2009]

24. Production chain cotton 45% 41% 14% 2.6 *10 11 m 3 water 3.5% from all crops

25. Water footprint of a nation ► total amount of water that is used to produce the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the nation. National water footprint =water footprint within country + virtual water import– virtual water export

26. Arrows show trade flows >10 Gm 3 /yr Regional virtual water balances (only agricultural trade) [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

27. Water footprint per capita Global average water footprint [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

28. The total amount of greenhouse gases produced directly and indirectly to support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon footprint analysis

29. Sum up Footprints are indicators of sustainability, valuable tools for policy and decision making Reduce a complex analysis into a scalar figure Their simplicity is their Achilles heel Other sustainable indicators exist; alternatively a combination can reveal a broader picture Research is needed to acquire new methodologies and improve existing indicators

30. More info www.footprintnetwork.org – full of info on the ecological footprint including annual reports and the science behind. www.footprintnetwork.org Our ecological footprint, reducing the Human’s impact on earth, M. Wackernagel and W. Reed, 1996 Water footprint - http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/home http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/home