1. www.waterfootprint.org The international character of water governance Arjen Y. Hoekstra University of Twente

2. Production Globalization of water Water consumption and pollution related to production for export; water is not factored into the price of traded commodities Consumption Water saving, but also water dependency TRADE Trade

3. Production chain cotton

4. [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

5. Water footprint of EU’s cotton consumption (blue water)

6. Former Aral Sea, Central Asia Cotton for export 1989 2008 ► product labeling? ► an international water pricing protocol?

7. Water footprint of a 0.5 litre PET-bottle coke as produced in the Dongen factory, the Netherlands 0.44 litre water content 27.6 litre for sugar 5.3 litre for PET bottle and closure 3.0 litre for other ingredients & overheads ___________________ 36 litre total Water footprint of a Coke ► industry certification? ► water disclosure?

8. The total water footprint of a consumer in NL ► about 2% of the water footprint is at home. 26 litre/day (32% blue, 68% grey) ► about 98% of the water footprint is ‘invisible’, it is related to the products consumers buy in the supermarket. 3448 litre/day for agricultural products 541 litre/day for industrial products ► about 95% of NL’s water footprint lies abroad. [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]

9. Global water footprint of Dutch consumption 95% of the water footprint is outside its own borders [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011] soybean

10. Water footprint of national consumption [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011] Global average water footprint ► global water footprint reduction targets? ► a Kyoto protocol for water?

11. National virtual water balances [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011] ► WTO trade rules?

12. Annual average monthly blue water scarcity Number of months with blue water scarcity > 100% [Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2011] ► an international water pricing protocol? ► minimum water rights?

13. Water footprint of biofuels from different crops [litre/litre] [Gerbens-Leenes, Hoekstra & Van der Meer, 2009] ► coherent energy- water strategies? Car driving on bio-ethanol from sugar beet: 40-210 litre/km

14. ► product labeling? ► certification of industries? ► water disclosure? ► global water footprint reduction targets? ► a Kyoto protocol on water? ► WTO trade rules? ► an international water pricing protocol? ► minimum water rights? ► coherent energy-water strategies? International water governance

17. The water footprint of a product Green water footprint ► volume of rainwater evaporated or incorporated into product. Blue water footprint ► volume of surface or groundwater evaporated, incorporated into product or returned to other catchment or the sea. Grey water footprint ► volume of polluted water.

18. Global water footprint by color [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]

19. Global water footprint by sector [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]

20. Consumption Export Production Import Internal water footprint External water footprint WF of national consumpt. Water use for export Virtual water import for re- export Virtual water export + + = = WF within nation Virtual water import ++ == Virtual water budget + += = National water use accounting framework The traditional statistics on water use, but then limited to withdrawals

21. Water footprint (Gm 3 /year) from the perspective of production from the perspective of consumption Egypt6995 Jordan1.48.3 Japan42175 Germany58117 Netherlands5.823 UK2975 China12071368 India11821145 Australia13745 Canada16172 USA1053821 [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011] WF of national consumption WF within a nation Traditional statistics on water use, but then restricted to water withdrawal

22. Virtual water transfers in China 52 Gm 3 /yr [Ma et al., 2006; Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

23. Virtual water flows India [Kampman et al., 2008]

24. [Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2011] Blue water footprintBlue water availability Blue water scarcity