1. DEVELOPMENT of ALLOY RECYCLING INDICES for AEROSPACE ALUMINUM ALLOYS Dr. Subodh K. Das J.G.Kaufman, Dr. J.A.S.Green Phinix, LLC Lexington, Kentucky, USA Dr. D.Emadi, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada Dr. M. Mahfoud, College of the North Atlantic - Qatar, Doha, Qatar AeroMat 2009 June 9, 2009 Dayton, Ohio, USA 5/24/2015 1

2. OUTLINE Background : Recycling & Aerospace Aluminum Alloys Alloy Recycling Index & Recycling Production Index Conclusion & Future Work 5/24/20152

3. Aluminum Industry emits 1 % of Global GHG 500 Billion Tonnes per Year Recycling lowers energy & carbon footprint – Requires only 5% of energy ~2.8 kWh/kg Al vs. ~45 kWh/kg Al – Produces only 5% of CO 2 ~0.6 kg/kg Al vs. 12 kg/kg Al – Alloying Elements Conservation ( Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, Si ), higher energy & carbon footprints than Al 5/24/20153

4. 4 Why Recycle Aluminum Aircrafts ? Thousands of obsolete aircraft stored in “graveyards” around the world “ Graveyards” are large, located in dry / hot places, establishment of recycling center practical Older aircraft are 90%-plus aluminum recovery feasible 5/24/2015

5. Recycling Driving Alloy Development Previous approach to alloy development – Driven solely by desired performance – Limited considerations of end-of-product-life – Less considerations for cost, carbon footprint and availability of alloying elements Beginning to recognize impact of recycling – How will product be recovered for recycling ? – How will composition impact cost & recyclability? – What will be it's carbon footprint? 5/24/20155

6. ALLOY RECYCLING INDEX (ARI) RECYCLING PRODUCTION INDEX(RPI) ARI – Recyclability for recovering the maximum stored energy invested in the alloy,carbon footprint ( Quantative) RPI – Ease of producing from recycled remelts(Qualitative) 5/24/20156

7. ALLOY RECYCLING INDEX (ARI) Nominal alloy content is sum of the nominal alloy additions ( mid-range) Sum of the mid-range of the impurity limits Total of nominal alloying content plus nominal total impurity content subtracted from 100% = ARI. 5/24/20157

8. RPI - Classification High (H) – Readily produced from recycled remelts in the same alloy Medium (M) – Readily produced from recycle remelts of scrap segregated at least by alloy series Low (L) – More difficult to recycle from recycle remelts Unlikely (U) – Composition doesn’t lend to production from recycled remelts ( Ag, Be, or Li ) 5/24/20158

9. ARI and RPI for Aerospace Aluminum Alloys Nominal SumNominal Potential AlloyingImpurity Eleme ntAluminumFrom AlloyContent Recycle %%ARI, % RPI 20115.50.86.393.7M 20146.50.67.192.9M 20246.50.87.392.7M 21956.00.56.593.5U 22196.90.47.392.7M 23246.20.46.693.4L 25246.20.36.593.5L 701010.70.311.089.0U 70397.20.57.792.3L-M 704010.40.210.689.4U 704911.80.512.387.7U 705010.80.311.188.9U 705512.30.312.687.4U 706812.50.312.887.2U 70759.90.710.689.4M 708512.50.212.787.3U 71757.70.38.092.0L 717811.80.712.587.5L 725010.50.210.789.3U 734912.30.212.587.5U 74759.70.29.990.1U 80906.00.66.693.4U 5/24/20159

10. Remelt Compositions of Recycled Aircraft Components Assuming Pre-Sorting of 2xxx & 7xxx Al % Cu % Fe % Mg %Mn %Si % Zn % 2xxx~934.40.51.00.70.50.1 7xxx~902.00.42.50.2 6.0 Mix~923.00.41.80.4 3.0 5/24/201510

11. ARI & RPI for Key Aerospace Alloys ALLOYS ARI RPI 2XXX 94 M 7XXX 91 M/L 2XXX/7XXX 91 U 5/24/201511

12. Conclusions Aging / obsolete aircraft = “urban aluminum mine”, reuse will lowering carbon footprints Alloy Recycling Index and Alloy Recycling Production Index have been developed Alloys with high Cu / Zn difficult to recycle together, pre- shred segregations into 2xxx and 7xxx groups for remelting Manage alloying elements Ag, Be, Bi, Pb, Li and grain refiners Cr, Zr, V 5/24/201512

13. Aluminum Industry Flow Chart Production End Use Recycling Carbon Trading 5/24/201513