1. Persistence of Identity in Historical Gazetteers Merrick Lex Berman - CHGIS, Center for Geographic Analysis

2. temporal issues spatial issues identity placename issues type issues {

3. index of records defining tangible or abstract geographic features that can be NAMED > one or more names > feature types / classes > locations / footprints > unique identifier > relationships > time periods > supplemental information ideal scenario: > gazetteer entries serve as georeferences to footprints > footprints relate to intelligible named features > intermediary geographic references are persistent

4. attributes of placenames: > official names / variants (Los Angeles / L.A.) (Köln / Cologne) > endonyms / exonyms (London / Londres) (Beijing / Peking) (Qomulangma / Everest) > metonyms (synonyms) (Chicago / Windy City / Second City) > vernacular procunciations (Emei / Omei) (Peking / pa’k gyan) > vernacular scripts ( / Beijing) ( / Qomulangma)

5. DISPLAY NAME > Mount Everest ALTERNATE NAME > Jomo glangma ALTERNATE NAME > Qomulangma ALTERNATE NAME > Sagarmatha maximized gazetteer case: DISPLAY NAME > Mount Everest [eng] exo ALTERNATE NAME > Jomo glangma [tib] endo ALTERNATE NAME > Qomulangma [chi] exo ALTERNATE NAME > Sagarmatha [san] exo typical gazetteer case: desirable gazetteer case:

6. - persistence - are we dealing with one entity that changes over time? or a sequence of discrete historical instances? Declare all changes to be attributes of one identity relate unique instances to one another, creating a sequence

7. unique instances linked into a time series single identity that transforms over time attributes of each instance are frozen attributes can vary independently

8. placename feature type footprint valid date source note digital gazetteer how to relate placenames to spatial objects? spatial objects metadata

9. spatial objects GIS layers

10. what happens when placenames & spatial objects change?

11. comparison of spatial and temporal relations

12. taxonomy of spatio-temporal processes

13. spatial objects change asynchronously

14. representing spatio-temporal change: points

15. representing spatio-temporal change: areas

16. dated instances of placenames may be represented by BOTH polygons = jurisdictional areas points = administrative seats but areas & seats often change independently from one another! <

17. administrative hierarchy = containership Town ATown BTown C County XCounty Y Prefecture 1Prefecture 2 Province Z Germantown (Wicacoa) updated to Germantown (Philadelphia) Town C (County Y) County Y (Province Z, Nation X) Germantown begin-1650 end- Germantown part of Wicacoa begin-1669 end-1681 part of Philadelphia begin-1682 end-

18. persistence of identity - as related to - footprint

19. entryrelated entry disambiguation footprints functionality of a digital gazetteer alternate spellings / names administrative context temporal sequence type related type feature type thesaurus interoperability differentiating identical placenames differentiating footprints coordinate x, y pair in decimal degrees bounding box generic grid reference spatial object in GIS format stromboli Stromboli stromboli, food Stromboli, volcano

20. - historical gazetteer records as indirect geographic references - Carnaby Street, London 1966 Carnaby Street, London 1881

21. China Historical GIS Project website: www.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis