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Persistence of Identity in Historical Gazetteers Merrick Lex Berman - CHGIS, Center for Geographic Analysis
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temporal issues spatial issues identity placename issues type issues {
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index of records defining tangible or abstract geographic features that can be NAMED > one or more names > feature types / classes > locations / footprints > unique identifier > relationships > time periods > supplemental information ideal scenario: > gazetteer entries serve as georeferences to footprints > footprints relate to intelligible named features > intermediary geographic references are persistent
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attributes of placenames: > official names / variants (Los Angeles / L.A.) (Köln / Cologne) > endonyms / exonyms (London / Londres) (Beijing / Peking) (Qomulangma / Everest) > metonyms (synonyms) (Chicago / Windy City / Second City) > vernacular procunciations (Emei / Omei) (Peking / pa’k gyan) > vernacular scripts ( / Beijing) ( / Qomulangma)
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DISPLAY NAME > Mount Everest ALTERNATE NAME > Jomo glangma ALTERNATE NAME > Qomulangma ALTERNATE NAME > Sagarmatha maximized gazetteer case: DISPLAY NAME > Mount Everest [eng] exo ALTERNATE NAME > Jomo glangma [tib] endo ALTERNATE NAME > Qomulangma [chi] exo ALTERNATE NAME > Sagarmatha [san] exo typical gazetteer case: desirable gazetteer case:
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- persistence - are we dealing with one entity that changes over time? or a sequence of discrete historical instances? Declare all changes to be attributes of one identity relate unique instances to one another, creating a sequence
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unique instances linked into a time series single identity that transforms over time attributes of each instance are frozen attributes can vary independently
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placename feature type footprint valid date source note digital gazetteer how to relate placenames to spatial objects? spatial objects metadata
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spatial objects GIS layers
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what happens when placenames & spatial objects change?
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comparison of spatial and temporal relations
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taxonomy of spatio-temporal processes
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spatial objects change asynchronously
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representing spatio-temporal change: points
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representing spatio-temporal change: areas
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dated instances of placenames may be represented by BOTH polygons = jurisdictional areas points = administrative seats but areas & seats often change independently from one another! <
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administrative hierarchy = containership Town ATown BTown C County XCounty Y Prefecture 1Prefecture 2 Province Z Germantown (Wicacoa) updated to Germantown (Philadelphia) Town C (County Y) County Y (Province Z, Nation X) Germantown begin-1650 end- Germantown part of Wicacoa begin-1669 end-1681 part of Philadelphia begin-1682 end-
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persistence of identity - as related to - footprint
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entryrelated entry disambiguation footprints functionality of a digital gazetteer alternate spellings / names administrative context temporal sequence type related type feature type thesaurus interoperability differentiating identical placenames differentiating footprints coordinate x, y pair in decimal degrees bounding box generic grid reference spatial object in GIS format stromboli Stromboli stromboli, food Stromboli, volcano
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- historical gazetteer records as indirect geographic references - Carnaby Street, London 1966 Carnaby Street, London 1881
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China Historical GIS Project website: www.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis
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