1. Concept of Qi in TCM from a Transcultural Perspective --Dr. ZHANG Chunyue --Dr. ZHANG Chunyue Department of Humanities, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Eigner Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Eigner Department of Medical Anthropology, Medical University of Vienna Department of Medical Anthropology, Medical University of Vienna

2. Contents: 1. Brief introduction of TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) 1. Brief introduction of TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) 2. The concept of Qi 2. The concept of Qi 3. Cases 3. Cases 4. More details of qi exercises 4. More details of qi exercises

3. 1. Brief introduction of TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) (1) Background generating TCM theories (1) Background generating TCM theories (2) Characteristics of TCM theories (2) Characteristics of TCM theories (3) Basic terms (3) Basic terms

4. Background generating TCM theories 1. Zhouyi (Chou yi; Chou I; I; I Ching, I Jing) 1. Zhouyi (Chou yi; Chou I; I; I Ching, I Jing) 2. Huang and Lao Philosophy: framework 2. Huang and Lao Philosophy: framework Daoism Daoism 3. Agriculture society 3. Agriculture society nature, nature, climate, climate, geography geography

5. Basic Characteristics of TCM theories Mathematic idea showed in word, not in symbol: Mathematic idea showed in word, not in symbol: relationship among five – element theory relationship among five – element theory reasoning from factual clinical experience reasoning from factual clinical experience Connotation extension of concepts Connotation extension of concepts narrow sense, wide sense narrow sense, wide sense Can be repeated, while hard to descript clearly Can be repeated, while hard to descript clearly

6. Introduction of TCM Terms 1. qi one 1. qi one 2. yin and yang two 2. yin and yang two qi and xue (the blood) qi and xue (the blood) 3. five elements three 3. five elements three metal (jin), earth (tu), fire (huo-kidney yang) metal (jin), earth (tu), fire (huo-kidney yang) fire (huo-heart qi), wood (mu), water (shui- kidney yin) fire (huo-heart qi), wood (mu), water (shui- kidney yin) shown in the pulse manifestation shown in the pulse manifestation 4. pathogenic factors: 4. pathogenic factors: Wind, fire, summer-heat, dampness, dry, cold Wind, fire, summer-heat, dampness, dry, cold

7. 5. Eight principles in Diagnoses (pathogenesis) 5. Eight principles in Diagnoses (pathogenesis) (1) yin and yang (1) yin and yang (2) the interior and exterior (2) the interior and exterior (3) cold and heat (3) cold and heat (4) excess and deficiency (4) excess and deficiency

8. 6. Five zang and six fu 6. Five zang and six fu Five zang: xin, gan, pi, fei, shen. Five zang: xin, gan, pi, fei, shen. heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney: the related structure and function of the five organs and brain, pancreas, gall bladder, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney: the related structure and function of the five organs and brain, pancreas, gall bladder,

9. 7. Diagnostic concepts 7. Diagnostic concepts十问歌 一问寒热二问汗, 三问头身四问便 一问寒热二问汗, 三问头身四问便 五问饮食六胸腹, 七聋八渴具当辨. 五问饮食六胸腹, 七聋八渴具当辨. 九问旧病十问因, 再兼服药参机变. 九问旧病十问因, 再兼服药参机变. 妇女犹需问经期, 天花麻疹全占验. 妇女犹需问经期, 天花麻疹全占验.

10. 一问寒热二问汗 一问寒热二问汗 The first inquiry: cold and heat The first inquiry: cold and heat Cold: feeling cold, aversion to cold, aversion to wind Heat: fever, feeling heat, aversion to heat, preference to cold The second inquiry: sweating The second inquiry: sweating spontaneous sweating in an adaptable temperature, night sweating, spontaneous sweating in an adaptable temperature, night sweating, experience of profuse perspiration experience of profuse perspiration without perspiration without perspiration

11. 三问头身四问便 三问头身四问便 The third question: sensation of the head and body The third question: sensation of the head and body headache, heaviness feeling of the head or body, general pain of the body, itching, any swollen parts of the head and body headache, heaviness feeling of the head or body, general pain of the body, itching, any swollen parts of the head and body The fourth question: function of the excretory system The fourth question: function of the excretory system regularity of bowel movements and urination regularity of bowel movements and urination color, soft or hard, diarrhea, dripping, pain color, soft or hard, diarrhea, dripping, pain

12. 五问饮食六胸腹 五问饮食六胸腹 The fifth asking: diet and thirst The fifth asking: diet and thirst regular diet, regular diet, always feeling hungry, preference to sweet foods, sour foods, and so on always feeling hungry, preference to sweet foods, sour foods, and so on poor appetite poor appetite The sixth asking: sensation of the chest and abdomen The sixth asking: sensation of the chest and abdomen pain, stress, swollen pain, stress, swollen

13. 七聋八渴具当辨 七聋八渴具当辨 The seventh question: ability of hearing The seventh question: ability of hearing deafness, poor hearing ability gradually or suddenly deafness, poor hearing ability gradually or suddenly The eighth question: thirsty feeling The eighth question: thirsty feeling always thirst, without feeling of thirst, always thirst, without feeling of thirst, The feeling of thirst cannot be relieved after drinking water. The feeling of thirst cannot be relieved after drinking water.

14. 九问旧病十问因, 再兼服药参机变. 九问旧病十问因, 再兼服药参机变. The ninth question: history of diseases The ninth question: history of diseases The tenth question: causes of diseases The tenth question: causes of diseases And the history of taking medication and treated by the other therapies And the history of taking medication and treated by the other therapies

15. 妇女犹需问经期, 天花麻疹全占验. 妇女犹需问经期, 天花麻疹全占验. Period asking for women Period asking for women Contagious diseases for children Contagious diseases for children

16. Concept of Qi The ancient Chinese people believed qi was the most fundamental entity making up the world. They thought everything in the universe resulted from the movement and change of qi. The Chinese character for "qi" is the same word used for air or gas, and it is thought to have the same properties as these substances. Qi can be interpreted as the "life energy" or "life force,". Sometimes, it is known as the "vital energy" of the body. The ancient Chinese people believed qi was the most fundamental entity making up the world. They thought everything in the universe resulted from the movement and change of qi. The Chinese character for "qi" is the same word used for air or gas, and it is thought to have the same properties as these substances. Qi can be interpreted as the "life energy" or "life force,". Sometimes, it is known as the "vital energy" of the body.

17. qi: 气 qi: 气 air: 空气, the heaven qi air: 空气, the heaven qi gas: 煤气, 气, the gaseous state of some basic elements gas: 煤气, 气, the gaseous state of some basic elements Field: full of magnetic magnetic

18. (1) Qi is the vital substance constituting the human body. (1) Qi is the vital substance constituting the human body. (2) Qi refers to the physiological functions of organs and meridians. (2) Qi refers to the physiological functions of organs and meridians. In fact, it may be difficult to find one equivalent English word or phrase that completely describes the nature of qi. Most often, qi is best defined according to its functions and properties. In fact, it may be difficult to find one equivalent English word or phrase that completely describes the nature of qi. Most often, qi is best defined according to its functions and properties.

19. A normal healthy person: a person with abundant (healthy) qi and （ good ） spirit A normal healthy person: a person with abundant (healthy) qi and （ good ） spirit the body and mind medicine the body and mind medicine the psychosomatic medicine the psychosomatic medicine Meridian qi, liver qi, stomach qi Meridian qi, liver qi, stomach qi

20. The origin of qi Two main sources: Two main sources: (1) inherited from parents (1) inherited from parents "innate vital substance“ "innate vital substance“ prenatal qi, innate qi, inherited qi prenatal qi, innate qi, inherited qi (2)derived from essential substances in nature such as the air the body breathe, food and water (2)derived from essential substances in nature such as the air the body breathe, food and water postnatal qi, acquired vital energies, acquired qi postnatal qi, acquired vital energies, acquired qi

21. The kidney first sends the innate vital substance upwards where it combines with food essence derived from the spleen. It further mixes with the fresh air from the lungs where it finally forms into qi of the body. By understanding how qi is formed, TCM has identified two important factors necessary for maintaining health. By eating a healthy diet and breathing fresh air, the body extracts their most valuable essences and uses them to help form the vital energy. Following these simple principles are the first steps towards creating a healthy balance in the body. The kidney first sends the innate vital substance upwards where it combines with food essence derived from the spleen. It further mixes with the fresh air from the lungs where it finally forms into qi of the body. By understanding how qi is formed, TCM has identified two important factors necessary for maintaining health. By eating a healthy diet and breathing fresh air, the body extracts their most valuable essences and uses them to help form the vital energy. Following these simple principles are the first steps towards creating a healthy balance in the body.

22. review

23. Case analysis zhangchunyue@hotmail.com zhangchunyue@hotmail.com zhangchunyue@hotmail.com zhangchunyue@hotmail.com zhangchunyue@hotmail.com

24. Qi exercises: details details

25. quotation Bibliography