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Published byDamon Pierce Modified over 9 years ago
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Another peek inside the cognitive toolbox: Interpersonal and intrapersonal (emotional) projection as a cognitive heuristic? Maya Machunsky, Olivier Corneille, Vincent Yzerbyt
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Social projection - the phenomenon False consensus effect (Ross et al., 1977) Social categorization moderates social projection (Cadinu & Rothbart, 1996; Otten & Wentura, 2001; Robbins & Krueger, 2005)
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Social projection - the explanation Normatively correct inference (Horch, 1987; Krueger & Clement, 1996) Egocentrically biased inductive reasoning (Krueger & Stanke, 2001) Heuristic use of self-information in the case of self-other similarity (Ames 2004a; 2004b) Anchoring and adjustment (DiDonato & Krueger, 2007; Epley et al., 2004; )
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Evidence for Social Projection as a Heuristic Not much Epley et al. (2004) showed that participants assumed a target person to understand an ambiguous message the ways they understood it themselves. This tendency increased with time pressure and decreased with accuracy motivation
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Empathy gaps Cross-situational projection of drive states, preferences and decisions Self in current, non- emotional situation Self in different, emotional situation Other people in a similar non-emotional situation Other people in a different emotional situation Adapted from Van Boven et al., 2005
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Social Projection versus Empathy Gaps Similarities: Same mechanism - transferring own concepts and feelings onto others Differences: –Empathy gaps are cross-situational transfers whereas social projection refers to intra-situational transfers (Van Bowen et al., 2005). –Intra-situational projection leads to more accurate judgments (Dawes 1989, Hoch 1987) whereas cross- situational projection leads to less accurate judgments (Van Boven et al., 2003).
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Transient drive states - Van Boven et al. 2003 Study 2: Manipulation and projection of thirst Self in current, non- emotional situation Self in different, emotional situation Other people in a similar non-emotional situation Other people in a different emotional situation Adapted from Van Boven et al., 2005
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Fear of embarrassment - Van Boven et al., 2005 Participants overestimate others‘ willingness to engage in embarrassing public performance (miming in Study 1 and dancing in Study 2). Overestimation was bigger when participants faced a hypothetical than when they faced a real situation.
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Problems Emotional states in participants have to be either manipulated or measured –Van Boven et al., 2003, manipulated thirst - but how about emotions? –Van Boven et al., 2005, did not measure or manipulate current emotional states. Alternative explanations are possible (e.g., Construal Level Theory)
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Self in current, non- emotional situation Self in different, emotional situation Other people in a similar non-emotional situation Other people in a different emotional situation Adapted from Van Boven et al., 2005
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Aim of the project To demonstrate that social projection is indeed a cognitive heuristic To show that also emotions are projected and lead to empathy gaps
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Part I - Social Projection Is social projection a cognitive heuristic? Manipulation of heuristic processing
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Experiment 1 Design: 1 x 3 (cognitive load, control versus accuracy motivation) Material: Vignette with ambiguous target behavior with regard to sociability Dependent measure: Social judgment task and self assessment Hypothesis: Most self-target similarity (i.e., projection) under heuristic processing, least self-target similarity under accuracy manipulation with the control condition in between.
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Part I - Social Projection Is the self the basis? Manipulation of self-perception
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Experiment 2 Design: 3 (high versus low sociability versus control) x 3 (cognitive load, control versus accuracy motivation) Material: Vignette with ambiguous target behavior with regard to sociability Dependent measure: Social judgment task and self assessment Hypothesis: Two-way Interaction
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Part I - Social Projection Is it an anchoring and adjustment heuristic or a similarity heuristic? Manipulation of similarity versus dissimilarity processing mode
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Experiment 3 Design: 2 (high versus low sociability) x 2 (cognitive load versus control) x 2 (similarity versus dissimilarity modus) Material: Vignette with ambiguous target behavior with regard to sociability Dependent measure: Social judgment task and self assessment Hypothesis: Three-way interaction
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Experiment 3 - Hypothesis -> more similarity under load compared to control -> more dissimilarity under load compared to control
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Part II - Empathy Gaps Are intra- und interpersonal empathy gaps also especially prevalent under a heuristic processing? Self in current, non- emotional situation Self in different, emotional situation Other people in a similar non-emotional situation Other people in a different emotional situation Adapted from Van Boven et al., 2005
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Experiment 4 Design: 1 x 3 (cognitive load versus control versus accuracy) Material: Vignette with ambiguous target behavior with regard to state self-confidence Dependent measure: PANAS before the Vignette, PANAS and decision for self and target in the emotional situation Hypothesis: Strongest correlations intra- and interpersonally under load and weakest correlations under accuracy with the control in-between
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Experiment 5 Design: 3 (cognitive load versus control versus accuracy) x 2 (high versus low self-confidence of the self) Material: Vignette with ambiguous target behavior with regard to state self- confidence Dependent measure: PANAS before the Vignette, PANAS and decision for self and target in the emotional situation
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Scenario Are participants really IN the emotional situation when assessing embarrassment or is it the anticipation of embarrassment? In other words: Is the situation already emotional? Woodzicka & LaFrance, 2001: Prediction of emotion (anger) and behavior in a sexual harassing situation diverges from actual emotion (fear) and behavior.
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Other ideas Woodzicka & LaFrance, 2001: Empathy gaps as causes for “blame the victim”- phenomenon? Van Bowen et al., 2006: Endowment effect - both sellers and buyers attributed the failed negotiation to dispositional greed of the other side Do empathy gaps lead to more negative evaluation and dispositional attributions?
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Discussion Scenarios? Emotional assessment?
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