1. Brake and tire wear DATA ”Mass balance” (total transports, turn over, PM size) Lab (Garg et al) Road tunnel (using tracers) Road side (tracers, COPREM, PMF)

2. Brake wear emission factors Emission factorSiteMethodologyRefrence 8 mg/vkmStockholm cityBrake wear turnover + total transport Westerlund & Johansson ??US EPA (1985) ?Gothenburg, road tunnel PMF?Sternbeck et al 2001 ?Stockholm road tunnel Kristensson et al 1999 MMD=0.7-2.5 umLabGarg et al., 2000 MMD=6 umSanders et al., 2003 Stockholm, Hornsgatan COPREM using Cu + Sb as indicator Sjödin et al 2009 Wåhlin et al 2006

3. WEAREM Sjödin et al

4. Wåhlin et al 2006 NOX = 1.3 g/vkm =>.72/124.3*1.3 = 7.5 mg/vkm for fine fraction

7. RAINS

8. See Boulter

9. EMEP/CORINAIR see Boulter

10. Boulter Tyre wear – Cars = 100 mg/vkm – HDV = 1000 mg/vkm – PM10 = 10 % (up to 30%) Brake wear – Cars =10-20 mg/vkm – HGV = 50-100 mg/vkm – 50% becomes airborne – >80% = PM10

11. What determines brake wear? Vehicle Speed Vehicle type (HDV, LDV…) Brake type Traffic conditions City center Highway

12. Tire wear emission factors Emission factorSiteMethodologyReference 4 mg/vkmStockholm, Hornsgatan COPREM using Zn as indicator Sjödin et al 2009

13. What determines tire wear? Vehicle Speed Vehicle type (HDV, LDV…) Tire type Traffic conditions City center Highway Road conditions