1. Priming the Pump for EVs Moving Beyond the Barriers to Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Deployment Source: Audi BC Capps David Worthington General Services Department County of Sonoma CA General Services Association Conference San Diego, CA – April 3, 2014

2. Overview of Presentation Two Big Questions: 1.What are the Barriers to Large-Scale Adoption and Deployment of Electric Vehicles and EV Charging Infrastructure? 2.What are the Policy Levers Available for Local Government to Overcome These Barriers? Bonus Case Study Sonoma County’s Experience Around EV Charging Infrastructure and Accessibility Issues Q&A / Group Discussion

3. But first, let’s take a short “brake” for some humor…

4. Transportation is a major source of global GHG emissions

5. Transportation is a major source of national GHG emissions

6. Transportation is a major source of statewide GHG emissions

7. There are multiple ways to reduce emissions from transportation Fuel efficiency standards Additional fuel taxes Cap-and-trade program Mass transit systems Urban planning measures Alternative fuel vehicles

8. Changeover of our existing vehicles to electric is critical Dramatic reductions of GHG emissions Lower levels of CO 2, HCs, NO x, PM, and HCHO Beware of merely shifting emissions upstream Potential creation of “green jobs” industry Increased energy security and independence

9. Adoption of EVs can be analyzed through two related questions 1.Is the availability of charging infrastructure a barrier to the deployment of EVs? 2.What are the barriers to large scale deployment of EV charging infrastructure?

10. We must also better understand what is driving consumers choices

11. And now, let’s take a short “brake” for some humor…

12. In 2010, Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI) began to study these issues C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group (C40) Began in 2005 66 Affiliated Cities 1 in 12 people on globe C40 Electric Vehicle Network (C40 EVN) Formed in 2009 14 of the C40 Cities + 4 EV Manufacturers Worked in partnership with CCI to analyze key barriers to EV adoption

13. What are the barriers to large- scale adoption of EVs? 1.Upfront cost of EVs 2.Range anxiety 3.Availability of charging infrastructure 4.Technology uncertainty 5.OEM inertia and sunk costs of supply chain 6.Lack of information

14. What are barriers to deployment of EV charging infrastructure? A.Regulatory Barriers 1.Lack of standards 2.Policy uncertainty 3.Permitting uncertainty B.Economic Barriers 4.Demand uncertainty 5.Economic uncertainty C.Technology Barriers 6.Technological uncertainty

15. And now, let’s take a short “brake” for some humor…

16. What are the policy levers available to local government? 1.Regulatory levers 2.Monetary and non-monetary incentives 3.Real estate 4.Advocacy and public relations 5.Procurement for public fleets But which policy levers are the best fit to overcome each set of barriers?

17. Which policy levers are the best fit to overcome each set of barriers? 1.Regulatory levers Zoning and building codes Regulation regarding EV-related investments and third- party sale of electricity Permitting rules and guidelines

18. Which policy levers are the best fit to overcome each set of barriers? 2.Monetary and non-monetary incentives Subsidies and/or tax credits Subsidies for charging infrastructure Free parking for EVs Electricity discounts for EV charging Access to HOV lanes

19. Which policy levers are the best fit to overcome each set of barriers? 3.Real estate Ownership of public garages & on-street space that can be used for charging infrastructure 4.Advocacy and public relations Demonstration projects Advocacy by public figures 5.Procurement for public fleets Government purchase of EVs for public fleets

20. Final Recommendations from Clinton Climate Initiative Study 1.Design EV programs based on individual setting and partners, but draw on lessons from peers 2.Local governments can use other policy levers to affect the total cost of ownership 3.Use regulatory influence smartly—and only provide subsidies under specific circumstances 4.There is a strong case for subscription fee-based business models to gain consumer acceptance 5.Be aware of technological uncertainties and don’t commit prematurely

21. And now, let’s take one final “brake” for some humor…

22. Sonoma County Case Study: EV Charging and Accessibility Issues Source: Kenguru

23. County Installed EV Charging Stations To Date 37 Charging Stations 17 Fleet Use Only 20 Public 16 Different Sites 6 Fleet Use Only 10 Public 74 Charging Ports 34 Fleet Use Only 40 Public Total EV Charging Stations Located in the County To Date 85 Charging Stations 30 Fleet Use Only 55 Public 34 Different Sites 9 Fleet Use Only 25 Public 150 Charging Ports 60 Fleet Use Only 90 Public 8 Different Cities or Towns 10 Different Cities and Towns

24. Site Location Choice Public or Fleet Use? Location Needs Assessment Voltage Available Accessibility Infrastructure Costs Vehicle Designs

25. Public or Fleet Use Only Challenges Fleet Use OnlyPublic Accessibility Fee Structure Hours of Operation Ease of Use Vandalism Customer Service Data Tracking Driver Training Sophistication of Equipment Restricting Public Access

26. Fleet Use Only Typically Less Expensive on a Per Station Cost Average Publicly Accessible Higher Infrastructure Costs Path of Travel Limitations Hardware Ease of Use Requirements

27. One of Our First Sites In 2009

28. Same Site in 2013

29. Public Accessibility Challenges Is It a Fueling Station or a Parking Space? Federal -- American with Disabilities Act (ADA) State – Building Codes Local – Permitting

30. Infrastructure Costs Vary Greatly Low Cost Example

31. High Cost of Installation….

32. ….300 Feet of Trenching….

33. …….Through Two Parking Lots

34. Realized Infrastructure Costs

36. Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) Choices? Which Design Meets ADA Requirements?

37. Charging Port at the Right Quarter Panel OK Design. Is the cord long enough?

38. Charging Port at Left Front Fender Better Design Angled or Straight In Vehicle Positioning?

39. Charging Port in the Front Best Design

40. 40 Driver Training. The Key to Everything…..

41. California Office of Planning and Research Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Guidelines http://opr.ca.gov/docs/PEV_Access_Guidelines.pdf Help? You Are Not Alone in Figuring It Out Plug-In Electric Vehicle Collaborative http://www.evcollaborative.org/ Bay Area Climate Collaborative Collaborative http://www.baclimate.org/ Sonoma County Electric Vehicle Charging Station Program and Installation Guidelines http://www.sonoma-county.org/prmd/docs/misc/ev_prog_guidelines.pdf

42. Thank You! Questions and Discussion Source: Audi BC Capps Energy and Sustainability Division bc.capps@sonoma-county.org David Worthington Fleet Operations Division david.worthington@sonoma-county.org