1. Environmental Data Analysis with MatLab Lecture 12: Power Spectral Density

2. Lecture 01Using MatLab Lecture 02Looking At Data Lecture 03Probability and Measurement Error Lecture 04Multivariate Distributions Lecture 05Linear Models Lecture 06The Principle of Least Squares Lecture 07Prior Information Lecture 08Solving Generalized Least Squares Problems Lecture 09Fourier Series Lecture 10Complex Fourier Series Lecture 11Lessons Learned from the Fourier Transform Lecture 12Power Spectral Density Lecture 13Filter Theory Lecture 14Applications of Filters Lecture 15Factor Analysis Lecture 16Orthogonal functions Lecture 17Covariance and Autocorrelation Lecture 18Cross-correlation Lecture 19Smoothing, Correlation and Spectra Lecture 20Coherence; Tapering and Spectral Analysis Lecture 21Interpolation Lecture 22 Hypothesis testing Lecture 23 Hypothesis Testing continued; F-Tests Lecture 24 Confidence Limits of Spectra, Bootstraps SYLLABUS

3. purpose of the lecture compute and understand Power Spectral Density of indefinitely-long time series

4. Nov 27, 2000 Jan 4, 2011 ground vibrations at the Palisades NY seismographic station similar appearance of measurements separated by 10+ years apart time, minutes

5. stationary time series indefinitely long but statistical properties don’t vary with time

6. time, minutes assume that we are dealing with a fragment of an indefinitely long time series time series, d duration, T length, N

7. one quantity that might be stationary is …

8. “Power” 0 T

9. 0 T Power mean-squared amplitude of time series

10. How is power related to power spectral density ?

11. write Fourier Series as d = Gm were m are the Fourier coefficients

12. now use

13. coefficients of sines and cosines coefficients of complex exponentials Fourier Transform equals 2/T

14. so, if we define the power spectral density of a stationary time series as the integral of the p.s.d. is the power in the time series

15. units if time series d has units of u coefficients C also have units of u Fourier Transform has units of u × time power spectral density has units of u 2 × time 2 /time e.g.u 2 -s or equivalently u 2 /Hz

16. we will assume that the power spectral density is a stationary quantity

17. when we measure the power spectral density of a finite-length time series, we are making an estimate of the power spectral density of the indefinitely long time series the two are not the same because of statistical fluctuation

18. finally we will normally subtract out the mean of the time series so that power spectral density represents fluctuations about the mean value

19. Example 1 Ground vibration at Palisades NY

20. enlargement

21. periods of a few seconds

22. power spectral density

23. frequencies of a few tenths of a Hz periods of a few seconds

24. cumulative power power in time series

25. Example 2 Neuse River Stream Flow

26. period of 1 year

27. power spectral density, s 2 (f) frequency f, cycles/day power spectra density s 2 (f), (cfs) 2 per cycle/day

28. power spectral density, s 2 (f) frequency f, cycles/day power spectra density s 2 (f), (cfs) 2 per cycle/day period of 1 year

29. Example 3 Atmospheric CO 2 (after removing anthropogenic trend)

30. enlargement

31. period of 1 year

32. power spectral density frequency, cycles per year

33. power spectral density frequency, cycles per year 1 year period ½ year period

35. shallow side: 1 year and ½ year out of phase steep side: 1 year and ½ year in phase

36. cumulative power power in time series

37. Example 3: Tides 90 days of data

38. enlargement 7 days of data

39. enlargement 7 days of data period of day ½

40. power spectral density cumulative power power in time series

41. power spectral density cumulative power power in time series about ½ day period about 1 day period fortnighly (2 wk) tide

42. MatLab dtilde= Dt*fft(d-mean(d)); dtilde = dtilde(1:Nf); psd = (2/T)*abs(dtilde).^2; Fourier Transform delete negative frequencies power spectral density

43. MatLab pwr=df*cumsum(psd); Pf=df*sum(psd); Pt=sum(d.^2)/N; power as a function of frequency total power should be the same!