1. 5-1 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 DRUGS Chapter 5

2. 5-2 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Introduction Drug - a natural or synthetic substance that produces physiological or psychological effects in humans or other animals. 75% of all evidence being processed in crime labs is related to illegal drugs

3. 5-3 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 DEA – NJ Drug Statistics NJ State Facts (http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/state_factsheets/newjersey.html) Population: 8,717,925 State Prison Population: 26,757 Probation Population: 143,315 Violent Crime Rate National Ranking: 26 2010 Federal Drug Seizures Cocaine: 900.78 kg Heroin: 140.21 kg Methamphetamine: 47.94 kg/26 DU Marijuana: 2,887.80kg Hashish: 57.55 kg. MDMA: 3,790 DU Meth Lab Incidents: 3 (DEA, state, and local)

4. 5-4 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Narcotics Narcotics - drugs that induce sleep and relieve pain  Lowers blood pressure and slows breathing rate  Examples: -Heroin -Morphine -Codeine

5. 5-5 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Hallucinogens Hallucinogens include marijuana, LSD, PCP, and MDMA (Ecstasy) PCP is often mixed with other drugs, such as LSD, or amphetamine, and is sold as a powder (“angel dust”), capsule, or tablet.

6. 5-6 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Depressants Depressants - are substances used to slow down the functions of the central nervous system. Depressants calm irritability and anxiety and may induce sleep. Examples: - alcohol - Xanax -Ro hypnol - B arbiturates “Roofies” -tranquilizers

7. 5-7 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Stimulants Stimulants – substance that speeds up, or stimulates, the central nervous system Stimulants give the user an adrenaline rush often followed by a crash. Heavy use of stimulants result in paranoia, restlessness, irritability, and depression. The most frequently used stimulant is coffee with caffeine. The most common illegal stimulants are cocaine and amphetamines.

8. 5-8 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Amphetamines A group of synthetic stimulants that are usually called UPPERS or SPEED. Used in diet pills Hydroxycut with Ephedra

9. 5-9 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 COCAINE Erythroxoylon coca – the plant Increases alertness and energy Suppression of hunger, fatigue, and boredom

10. 5-10 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Drug-Control Laws The U.S. federal law known as the Controlled Substances Act will serve to illustrate a legal drug-classification system created to prevent and control drug abuse. This federal law establishes five schedules of classification for controlled dangerous substances based on the drug’s –potential for abuse –potential for physical and psychological dependence –medical use/value

11. 5-11 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Your Brain on Drugs Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6N L41bREHoYoutube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6N L41bREHo

12. 5-12 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 A forensic chemist will determine if a unknown substance is a drug by performing a series of tests The results will have a direct bearing on the process of determining the guilt or innocence of a defendant. Forensic Drug Analysis

13. 5-13 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Drug Identification 2-step procedure: 1) Use screening tests to reduce the number of possibilities to a small and manageable number. 2) Use more sophisticated tests to pinpoint and confirm the identity of the drug.

14. 5-14 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Drug Identification Screening tests Color tests Microcrystalline test Chromatography Confirmatory tests Spectrophotometry  Ultraviolet (UV)  Visible  Infrared (IR) Mass spectrometry Screening tests only tells what drug is possibly present. (Screening tests are easier, cheaper, and quicker to use.) Confirmatory tests tell that the drug is definitely present. Video – Drug Analysis

15. 5-15 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Screening tests Color Tests (5 tests) - Suspect material is subjected to a series of different color tests that will produce characteristic colors for the more common illicit drugs. Microcrystalline Test Forensic Drug Analysis

16. 5-16 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 5 Color Tests 1.Marquis – turns purple when positive for heroin and morphine – turns orange-brown when positive for amphetamines and methamphetamines. 2. Dille-Koppanyi – tests for barbiturates 3. Duqenois-Levine – series of chemicals to test for marijuana 4. Van Urk –tests for LSD 5. Scott – three solution test for the presence of cocaine. Positive color sequence is blue-pink-blue. Video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue9zp5P2Mxo

17. 5-17 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Microcrystalline Tests Microcrystalline tests - used to identify specific drug substances by studying the size and shape of crystals formed Cocaine crystal – “K” shaped methamphetamine crystal

18. 5-18 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Confirmation Determination Forensic chemists will employ a specific test to identify a drug substance to the exclusion of all other known chemical substances. Typically infrared spectrophotometry or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) is used to specifically identify a drug substance.

19. 5-19 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 19 Chromatography  A technique for separating mixtures into their components  Includes two phases—a mobile one that flows past a stationary one.  The mixture interacts with the stationary phase and separates.

20. 5-20 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 20 Types of Chromatography  Paper  Thin Layer (TLC)  Gas (GC)  Pyrolysis Gas (PGC)  Liquid (LC)  High Pressure Liquid (HPLC)  Column

21. 5-21 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 21 Paper Chromatography  Stationary phase—paper  Mobile phase—a liquid solvent Capillary action moves the mobile phase through the stationary phase

22. 5-22 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Calculating Rf Values The distance moved by a pigment is compared to the distance moved by the solvent front. We call this relationship the retention time or Rf value and define it as follows: Rf = Distance moved by the pigment Distance from pigment origin to solvent front Paper chromatography can be used to identify substances both qualitatively (by color) and quantitatively by its characteristic Rf value.

23. 5-23 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 23 Thin Layer Chromatography  Stationary phase— a thin layer of coating (usually alumina or silica) on a sheet of plastic or glass  Mobile phase— a liquid solvent

24. 5-24 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Gas Chromatography In GC, the moving phase is actually a gas called the carrier gas, which flows through a column. Phases  Stationary —liquid that lines a tube or column  Mobile — a gas like nitrogen or helium After a mixture passes through the length of the column, it will become separated into its components.

25. 5-25 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Gas Chromatography Results Chromatogram: The printed record of the separation. Retention Time: The time required for a component to come out of a GC column. Analysis  Shows a peak that is proportional to the quantity of the substance present  Uses retention time instead of R f for the qualitative analysis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Xaa9WdXVTM

26. 5-26 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 26 Uses of Gas Chromatography  Not considered a confirmation of a controlled substance  For more accurate results – Used in conjunction with mass spectroscopy (MS) and infrared spectroscopy (IR)  a separation tool for MS and IR  Used to quantitatively measure the concentration of a sample.

27. 5-27 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Marijuana Testing The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) regulates marijuana under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). substances. Within this CSA framework, marijuana is placed into Schedule 1. Many testing methods are used for detecting THC in saliva: radio immunoassay (RIA) method, gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD), and liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is the preferred method for analysis - screening and confirmation in one step. 3 GC/MS is extremely selective and sensitive, enabling routine analysis of THC in saliva at the low levels required by most regulatory bodies. Testing for prosecution is actively pursued EVERYDAY. REMEMBER: Marijuana is still considered a Schedule I drug by the U.S. Government - federal laws trump state or local laws. Source: Forensic Magazine 23-29 10-17-2010

28. 5-28 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 28 Spectrophotometry  Spectrophotometry - measures the quantity of radiation that a particular material (i.e. drug) absorbs  Spectrophotometer—an instrument used to measure the quantity of radiation absorbed by material

29. 5-29 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 29  Infrared Spectrophotometry  Mass Spectrometry Types

30. 5-30 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 30 Infrared (IR) Spectrometry  Material absorbs energy in the near-Infrared (IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum.  Result—an absorption spectrum  Gives a unique view of the substance; like a fingerprint  used to determine the identify of an unknown substance

31. 5-31 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Mass Spectrometry In the mass spectrometer, a beam of high-energy electrons collide with a sample, producing positively charged ions. These positive ions almost instantaneously decompose into numerous fragments  Fragments of sample are separated according to their masses. The unique feature of mass spectrometry is that under carefully controlled conditions, no two substances produce the same fragment pattern. Video

32. 5-32 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Do Now How does Infrared spectrophotometry identify a specific drug? What technique measures the amount of a drug?

33. 5-33 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 33 Mass Spectrometry Gas chromatography (GC) and mass spec have major drawbacks, GC does not give a specific identification. Mass spectrometry cannot separate mixtures or provide specific identification. By combining gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, constituents of mixtures can be specifically identified.

34. 5-34 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 GC and Mass The GC column and the mass spectrometer can be connected to one another. The separation of a mixture’s components is first accomplished by the GC. Then, fragmentation of each separated component by high-energy electrons in the mass spectrometer, will produce a distinct pattern, or a “fingerprint” of the sample being examined.

35. 5-35 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Collection and Preservation The evidence must be properly packaged and labeled for the laboratory. The original container in which the drug was seized will be sufficient. All samples must be marked with information that will ensure identification in the future and establish the chain of custody.

36. 5-36 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

37. 5-37 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

38. 5-38 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Chromatography Chromatography is a means of separating and identifying the components of a mixture. Theory of chromatography is that chemical substances partially escape into the surrounding environment when dissolved in a liquid or when absorbed on a solid surface. Materials that have a preference for the moving phase will slowly pull ahead and separate from those substances that prefer to remain in the stationary phase.

39. 5-39 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Qualitative vs. Quantitative Analytical techniques must give either a qualitative or a quantitative result. Qualitative gives only the identity of the suspect material. Quantitative gives the percent composition of the different elements in a mixture.

40. 5-40 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Chromatography Chromatography is a means of separating and identifying the components of a mixture. Theory of chromatography is that chemical substances partially escape into the surrounding environment when dissolved in a liquid or when absorbed on a solid surface. Materials that have a preference for the moving phase will slowly pull ahead and separate from those substances that prefer to remain in the stationary phase.

41. 5-41 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 TLC Solid stationary phase (usually coated onto a glass plate) and a mobile liquid phase to separate the components of the mixture. The liquid will move up the plate by capillary action. The sample travels between the stationary phase (plate) and the moving liquid phase. Most compounds are colorless so results must be viewed by placing the plates under UV light or spraying the plate with a chemical reagent. The distance a spot travels up a thin-layer plate can be measured as a numerical value or the R f value.

42. 5-42 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometry measures the quantity of radiation that a particular material absorbs as a function of wavelength and frequency. Beer’s Law: The quantity of light absorbed at any frequency is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing substance.

43. 5-43 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 UVand IR Spectrophotometry Most forensic laboratories use UV and IR spectrophotometers to identify chemical compounds. The UV spectrum is simple enough to determine the general identity of an unknown substance. The IR spectrum is much more exact; each IR spectrum is equivalent to a “fingerprint” of that substance.

44. 5-44 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Spectrophotometer Measures the light absorption spectrum of a chemical substance. The components of a spectrophotometer are: –A radiation source –A monochromator or frequency selector –A sample holder –A detector to convert electromagnetic radiation into an electrical signal –A recorder to produce a record of the signal The light source can be the visible, ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR)

45. 5-45 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 GC and Mass The GC column and the mass spectrometer can be connected. The separation of a mixture’s components is first accomplished by the GC. Then, fragmentation of each separated component by high-energy electrons in the mass spectrometer, will produce a distinct pattern, or a “fingerprint” of the sample being examined.

46. 5-46 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Collection and Preservation The evidence must be properly packaged and labeled for the laboratory. Common sense is the best guide, the package must prevent the loss of the sample contents and/or cross-contamination with another sample. The original container in which the drug was seized will be suffcient. All samples must be marked with information that will ensure identification in the future and establish the chain of custody.