1. Science, Technology & Public Policy The CTBT RPDS

2. Prologue U c 0  0 + c 1  1 + c 2  2 +.... + c n  n Schrödinger, Annalen der Physik, 1926

3. Science, Technology & National Security Policy An Exploding Wire Studying the obscure; Exploiting the power of knowledge

4. Exploding Wires: Triggers of Power Nagasaki, August 9, 1945 Robert OppenheimerEnrico Fermi

5. Scientific Understanding: Knowledge and the Root of Power Fission&Fusion Lise Meitner Otto HahnLeo SzilardEdward TellerStan UlamAndrei Sakharov

6. Testing the Theory; Building the Arsenal Science in pursuit of knowledge and influence upon policy

7. Other Nations, Other Testing NationFirst Nuclear Detonation USA1945 USSR1949 England1952 France1959 China1964 India1974 Pakistan1998 South Africa ? Israel - Craig, Jungerman, Nuclear Arms Race, 1990.

8. Fallout & Detection of Nuclear Explosions The Collision of Politics and Technology From 1945-1963, there are 650 test detonations of nuclear devices --most exploded in the atmosphere. In 1963, international fear of radio- active fallout prompts the LTBT. From 1963 to the present, a twilight struggle to ratify a CTBT ensues -- and another 1100 nuclear detonations occur.

9. The Motivations for Testing Nuclear Weapons Stockpile stewardship Innovation Sustaining technical expertise Modernizing nuclear explosion detection systems Weapons effects Political

10. CTBT The Science & Technology of Stockpile Stewardship The explosive core in the primary of a nuclear weapon is plutonium. Plutonium decays (half-life = 24,100 years) 239 Pu 235 U + 4 He Alpha particles induce crystal modifications within the core that reduce its explosive yield and the reliability of the weapon. Sidney Drell, et al, Science, 2/19/99.

11. Nuclear Weapons Testing: New Realities High-speed computing and microscopic ignition of fusion Growing global supplies of fissile fuel Underemployed weapons scientists Escalating regional conflict Global commerce Ease of information flow

12. The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty CTBT The purpose of CTBT is to discontinue experiments like this one C&E News, October 19, 1998

13. The History of CTBT: The Collision of Political and Technological Thought 1956 - 1958 --Failed American Soviet negotiations 1958 - 1961 --Testing moratorium 1963 --The LTBT 1976 --The TTBT 1996 --CTBT (Yet to be ratified)

14. CTBT Technology and Detection: The Hinge of the Dilemma CTBT is a ninety-nine page document, largely concerned with establishing and operating the International Monitoring System (IMS) IMS is a collection of 321 seismic, infrasound, hyroacoustic, and radio-nuclide sensors distributed among 89 nations and Antarctica Each nation will establish National Data Centers (NDC) and links to an International Data Centre (IDC), for purposes of sharing data

15. Big Government and Big Science The Science & Technology of CTBT

16. CTBT Listening for Nuclear Explosions http://www.ctbt.rnd.doe.gov/ctbt/introduction/infrasound_mon.html 50 Stations

17. CTBT Seismology and Detection of Nuclear Explosions Developing the algorithms and databases required for reliable detection at 167 stations Los Alamos and Livermore National Labs

18. CTBT Sampling the Atmosphere for Radionuclides The Automated RadioXenon Sampler/Analyzer 80 Stations

19. CTBT Listening for Nuclear Explosions Under Water The work of LLNL, The Naval Research Labs, and Scripps School of Oceanography 11 Stations

20. CTBT Satellites and Detecting Nuclear Explosions from Space Fast Forte´: Fast on-Orbit Recording of Transient Events http://nis-www.lanl.gov/nis-projects/forte/

21. CTBT Assembling the Data International Monitoring System

22. CTBT The Challenges of Verification and Reliability

23. CTBT The Architecture of an Agreement C&E News, 10/19/98

24. CTBT Listening for Explosions, Interpreting the Data What Does it All Mean? 1949 -USAF aircraft capture radionuclides that announce the first Soviet A-bomb 1979 -Satellite optical sensors detect the signature of nuclear explosions 1985 -Seismic measurements suggest illegal testing by the Soviets, disputed by independent seismologists 1998 -IMS monitoring of Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests C&E News, 10/19/98

25. Epilog A Tale of Parallel Universes Los Alamos Livermore Hanford Nevada test site Oak Ridge Aleutians Sarov Seversk Zelenogorsk Lesnoy Ulam, Teller, Oppenheimer, Lawrence, Szilard, Pauling,... Savannah River Kurchatov, Sakharov, Smirnov, Khariton, Fuchs,... And Global Anxiety Snezhinsk