1. U.S. Foreign Policy and Imperialism

2. America’s Changing Role in the World
From 1790 to 1900, the U.S. expanded its role in world affairs:
In 1796, George Washington promoted neutrality (America’s policy of remaining independent of alliances with other country's) warned against alliances

4. America’s Changing Role in the World
In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine asserted neutrality but proclaimed that the U.S. would protect the western hemisphere (north and south America) from European influence

7. America’s Changing Role in the World
In 1845, the U.S. used treaties & wars to pursue its “Manifest Destiny” & expand to the Pacific Ocean

8. Manifest Destiny
control all land from Atlantic ocean to Pacific ocean was America's Destiny

10. America’s Changing Role in the World
By the 1890s, the U.S. gained colonies & developed a more active foreign policy

12. New Imperialism
New Imperialism was a period of colonial expansion by the European powers, the U.S. and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

13. New Imperialism
The period ( ) was a pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions.
Using new technological advances and developments, they made their country bigger through conquest, and exploiting their resources

14. U.S. Imperialism
In the late 1800s, the United States emerged as an imperialist nation:
Imperialism is the act of strong nations exerting their power over weaker nations
From 1867 to 1904, the U.S, annexed Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines & built the Panama Canal

15. American Imperialism

16. Reasons for U.S. Imperialism
Americans were motivated by:
In 1890, the closing of frontier (no new lands in the “west”)
American industry needed new overseas markets & new sources of raw materials

17. European powers had acquired colonies & many Americans believed that the USA had to imperialize in order to keep up

18. Reasons for U.S. Imperialism
At the urging of Admiral Alfred Mahan, the USA developed a modern navy, allowing the U.S. to compete with other powerful nations
Many believed that Social Darwinism gave Americans a duty to “civilize” the “inferior races” of the world by introducing medicine, technology, Christianity, & democracy

19. White Man's Burden
The White Man's Burden" is a poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling.

20. White Man's Burden
----published 1899, The poem was to reflect the subject of American colonization of the Philippines, recently won from Spain in the Spanish-American War
----At face value it appears to be a rhetorical command to white men to colonize and rule other nations for the benefit of those people

21. The White Man’s Burden Civilization Vice Ignorance Barbarism
Superstition
Oppression

22. United States expands its borders

23. U.S. Imperialism: HAWAII
From 1820 to 1890, Americans moved to Hawaii as missionaries & fruit plantation owners
In 1891, Queen Liliuokalani came to power & tried to reduce the power of Americans living in Hawaii
Americans overthrew Queen Liliuokalani in 1893 & Hawaii was annexed by the USA in 1898

24. U.S. Imperialism: CHINA
By the 1890s, European imperial powers carved China into spheres of influence, giving them exclusive trade rights in Chinese ports
In 1899, the USA declared an Open Door Policy in China to allow free trade by any nation in any port

25. Open Door Policy
America opened up trade with Asia

26. Spanish-American War 1898
(war fought with spain over cuba’s independence)

27. U.S. Imperialism: CUBA
In 1895, Cubans declared their independence from Spain; To put down the revolution, Spain used brutal tactics (like starvation)
U.S. newspapers sensationalized the events in Cuba (known as “yellow journalism”)
In 1898, the U.S. sent the USS Maine to Cuba to protect American interests there; After the ship mysteriously exploded, Americans declared war on Spain

28. Teller Resolution
The Teller Amendment was an amendment by United States Congress.
It placed a condition on the United States military's presence in Cuba.

29. Teller Resolution
the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people."
U.S. would help Cuba gain independence and then withdraw all its troops from the country.

30. Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders
The Spanish-American War was fought to liberate Cuba & the Philippines from Spanish control; The war lasted only 113 days
Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders

31. Rough Riders Teddy Roosevelt lead the Rough Riders
They were Volunteer Cavalry that fought during the Spanish-American War
President William McKinley called upon 1,250 volunteers to assist in the war efforts.

32. As a result of the Spanish-American War, Cuba was liberated & the USA annexed the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico

33. Commodore Dewey
The Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War.
Commodore George Dewey engaged and destroyed the Spanish fleet at Battle Of Manila Bay

34. Treaty of Paris of 1898
Spanish Empire's surrendering control of Cuba and ceding Puerto Rico, parts of the Spanish West Indies, the island of Guam, and the Philippines to the United States

35. Platt amendment
It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American War. It defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations to essentially be an unequal one of U.S. dominance over Cuba

36. Platt amendment
It called for the U.S. intervening in Cuban foreign policy
It allowed for naval bases on Cuba for U.S. military support to maintain order in Cuba
It allowed Cuba to govern themselves as long as a democratic form of government

37. U.S. Imperialism: PUERTO RICO
Puerto Rice is still a U.S. territory; Lots of poverty & unemployment

38. U.S. Imperialism: PHILIPPINES
When the Philippines were annexed by the USA & not granted independence after the Spanish-American War, the Filipino-American War began in 1898
The Filipino-American War lasted 3 years & cost more in money & American lives than the Spanish-American War

39. U.S. Imperialism: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
When Theodore Roosevelt became president, he used “Big Stick Diplomacy”: Develop an active U.S. foreign policy with a strong navy to accomplish goals
TR added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, giving the United States “police powers” to protect Latin America from European imperialism

40. U.S. Imperialism: PANAMA
TR used “Big Stick Diplomacy” to build the Panama Canal by encouraging a Panamanians to rebel from Colombia

42. Panama Canal
Canal between North and South America offering a water passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
An initial attempt by France to build a sea-level canal failed

43. Panama Canal
Panama was created through its separation from Colombia in 1903, due to a US backed revolt, so the US could then get control of the Canal project area.

44. Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
was a treaty signed on November 18, 1903, by the United States and Panama, which established the Panama Canal Zone and the construction of the Panama Canal
United States was to receive rights to a canal zone
Panama was to receive $10 million and an annual rental payment of $250,000

45. Torrijos–Carter Treaties
guaranteed that Panama would gain control of the Panama Canal after 1999, ending the control of the canal that the U.S. had exercised since 1903

46. U.S. Imperialism: MEXICO
The USA tried to intervene in Mexican affairs when Huerta overthrew Diaz & again when Carranza overthrew Huerta
Mexico & the USA almost went to war when Mexican rebel Pancho Villa killed 19 Americans

47. The Debate over American Imperialism
Not all Americans supported imperialism:
The Anti-Imperialist League formed in 1899 to fight U.S. annexation of the Philippines
Many argued that the U.S. had no right to force American culture upon others

48. The U.S. Becomes a World Power
By the 20th century, the USA was a world power:
Built the world’s 3rd largest navy
Annexed Hawaii, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, many Pacific islands
Asserted itself in Latin America (Spanish-American War, Panama Canal, & Roosevelt Corollary
Influenced Asia (Open Door Policy)