1. NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS :
CHEQUES

2. CHEQUE
Def: S73 - a bill of exchange drawn on a banker & payable on demand.
Characteristics:
Unconditional order in writing
It is signed by the drawer
It is drawn on the banker (drawee)
It orders the banker to pay sum certain in money on demand
Drawn in favour of specified person (payee) or to his order or in favour of a bearer

3. Ringgit Malaysia………………………………
Maybank Berhad
Kuala Lumpur
Pay…………………….or Bearer
Ringgit Malaysia………………………………
…………………………………………………
(Signed)…………………..
Stamp Duty Paid
RM 1000/-

4. Parties in a cheque There are three parties to a bill;
The drawer (who issued the bill)
The drawee (who pays the bill / banker)
The payee (who receives payment)
Person means a legal person and would include natural persons as well as firms and companies

5. Type of cheques Forged Cheque Undated Cheque
A cheque where the drawer’s signature is forged
Undated Cheque
Bankers are not required to honour undated cheques
Section 20 states that a holder can fill up the correct date within a reasonable time and the cheque can be honoured

6. Type of cheques Ante-dated cheque Post-dated Cheque
A cheque that bears a date in the past
Post-dated Cheque
A post-dated cheque is one which bears a date in the future
A bill is not invalid by reason only that it is ante-dated or post-dated, or that it bears date on a Sunday

7. Type of Cheques Overdue or Stale Cheque
An overdue cheque or stale cheque is one which has been in circulation for an unreasonable length of time
Section 36(3)
Unreasonable length of time depends on the fact of each case
According to current banking practice in Malaysia, a stale cheque is one which bears a date which is half a year old
i.e. six months or more have expired since the date of the cheque

8. CROSSING OF CHEQUE GENERAL SPECIAL CROSSINGS CROSSINGS
To make it difficult for an unauthorized person such as a rogue to obtain payment across the counter.
A cross cheque can only be paid through bank.
TYPES OF CROSSINGS
GENERAL
CROSSINGS
SPECIAL
CROSSINGS

9. General crossing….[S 76(1)]
It consists of two parallel lines drawn across the face of the cheque. Usually have words such as ‘Co.’ , ‘Not Negotiable’ or ‘A/C Payee’
Effect of gen. crossings:
Loss character of negotiability
If the title of the transferor is defective, it will effect the title of the transferee even though he may not know the defect. Case: Wilson v Pickering

10. Kuwait Finance Bank Berhad
Special crossings
The name of the banker is written between the lines or across the face of the cheque without the lines.
_______________
Kuwait Finance Bank Berhad
_______________
Bank Islam Berhad

11. Effect of special crossing
The paying banker must pay the amount of the cheque only to collecting banker named in the crossing.
The negotiability of the cheque is restricted, i.e. can only be negotiated to some person who is a customer of the bank to whom it is crossed.

12. Alteration on a cheque
Generally, a drawer will be discharged from liability if the cheque has been altered without the drawer’s authority. If the bank pays on such cheque – the bank cannot debit the customer’s account.
However - Customer’s duty of care against fraudulent alterations:
Customer must exercise due care in drawing cheques to avoid fraud.
London Joint Stock Bank v Macmillan
A partner in a firm was negligent in drawing a cheque for $2 which was stated in figure but not in words.a clerk alter the figure to read $120 & wrote it in words before cashing the cheque at the bank.
Held:the bank could debit the firm’s account with $120 due to negligent of the partner.

13. Protection of the paying banker
Paying banker = banker whereby a customer draws a cheque on him.
Duty = to pay the right person according to his customer’s mandate. If pay to wrong person, he must bear any loss.
S60 of BEA: the banker will not be liable if he can prove all the followings:
Payment made after maturity of the bill, to the holder in good faith without notice that his title to the cheque is defective.

14. A paying banker is not protected if he pays a cheque drawn on him in which the drawer’s signature is forged coz he is expected to know his customers’ signature. However, he will be protected if it involved other persons who are not his customers.
The banker is protected if he pays a cheque which is not indorsed or irregularly indorsed, in good faith and in the ordinary course of business.
For crossed cheque, if paying banker pays to a person other than true owner, he will be protected if he had acted in good faith, without negligence and according to crossing.

15. Protection of the collecting bankers
Collecting banker = banker to whom a holder of cheque presents the cheque to be credited to holder’s account. The banker’s duty is to collect the amount form the drawer’s bank (paying banker)
S85 (1) BEA gives protection to collecting banker if he can prove that he acted for the customer in good faith and without negligence (had made proper enquiries) – he will not be liable to the true owner for wrongful conversion.

16. Distinction between a Cheque and a Bill of Exchange
1. It can be drawn on any body including a banker.
2. The amount is payable on demand
3. It can not be crossed
4. Acceptance is a must.
Cheque
1.It is drawn only on a banker.
2.The amount is always payable on demand or after a specified period.
3.It can be crossed to end its negotiability
4.Acceptance is not required.