1. Advancements in Nutrition and Feeding of Marine Fish to Ensure Sustainable Seafood Production Delbert M. Gatlin, III Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas

2. Total Fisheries Aquaculture World Fisheries & Aquaculture Production FAO, 2001 Approximately 30% of all seafood is now produced via aquaculture Continued growth of aquaculture will be needed to satisfy demand for seafood by the world’s ever increasing population

3. Benefits of Aquaculture Production of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions allows for:  superior product quality and freshness  consistent supply  value/quality enhancement  efficient use of natural resources Production of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions allows for:  superior product quality and freshness  consistent supply  value/quality enhancement  efficient use of natural resources

4. Perceived Limitations to Aquaculture Available land and freshwater resources Release of eutrophying nutrients into the water – degree of control is dictated by type of culture system Dependence of certain species on marine resources such as fish meal and fish oil Available land and freshwater resources Release of eutrophying nutrients into the water – degree of control is dictated by type of culture system Dependence of certain species on marine resources such as fish meal and fish oil

5. Nutritional Advancements to Reduce Phosphorus Excretion Hardy (2004)

6. Nutritional Advancements to Reduce Nitrogen Excretion Hardy (2004)

7. Fishmeal Use in Aquafeeds Year 2000 - Approximately 2 million metric tons (MMT) of fish meal were used in aquafeeds (~30% of global fishmeal production @ 6.5 MMT) Year 2010 - Approximately 4.3 MMT of fish meal are projected to be used in aquafeeds if aquaculture continues to grow at its current rate Currently about 70% of the fishmeal is used by salmon, trout and shrimp which constitute ~7% of global aquaculture production Year 2000 - Approximately 2 million metric tons (MMT) of fish meal were used in aquafeeds (~30% of global fishmeal production @ 6.5 MMT) Year 2010 - Approximately 4.3 MMT of fish meal are projected to be used in aquafeeds if aquaculture continues to grow at its current rate Currently about 70% of the fishmeal is used by salmon, trout and shrimp which constitute ~7% of global aquaculture production

8. Fishmeal Reduction in Aquafeeds A greater understanding of nutritional requirements of fish is allowing refinement of diet formulations including ingredient substitutions Significant advancements have been made in these areas over the past 10 years with intensified research Specific examples of advancements with Atlantic salmon, red drum and rainbow trout are provided

9. Alternatives to Fishmeal in Aquafeeds Various plant feedstuffs including:  Oilseed meals such as soybean meal and cottonseed meal  Protein concentrates from cereal grains such as corn gluten meal and wheat gluten Animal by-products rendered from processing plants including seafood processing wastes Single-cell proteins

10. Vision Stimulate sustainable growth in the aquaculture industry by providing necessary knowledge for optimal use of protein in fish feeds.

11. Bacteria grown on methane as a carbon source from the North Sea Bacteria grown on methane as a carbon source from the North Sea Methylococcus capsulatus Alcaligenes acidovorans Bacillus brevis Bacillus fermus BioProtein contains: BioProtein contains: 93.5 % dry matter 64.9 % crude protein 7.6 % fat 7.6 % fat 5.8 % ash 5.8 % ash 10.3 % nucleic acids 20.9 MJ/Kg BioProtein TM

12. Diet composition (g/ 100 g) Ingredient05.711.422.845.5 BioProtein04.591836 LT Fish Meal 65.061.357.650.235.4 Wheat14.113.212.310.56.8 Fish Oil 20.520.620.721.021.5 Y2O3Y2O3Y2O3Y2O30.010.010.010.010.01 Mineral Mix 0.250.250.250.250.25 Vitamin Mix 0.100.100.100.100.10 Fish meal replacement (%)

13. 05.711.422.845.5 Final wt (g) 330327345364360 SGR 1.38 b 1.37 b 1.49 ab 1.59 a 1.56 a Gain:Feed 1.39 bc 1.36 c 1.45 abc 1.47 ab 1.54 a % Nitrogen retention 46.2 b 45.5 b 52.7 a 55.1 a % Energy retention 50.5 bc 48.3 c 55.8 ab 58.8 a 58.6 a Results of 8-week Feeding Trial Fish meal replacement (%)

14. Red Drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) Prominent fish in Gulf coast states of the US Prominent fish in Gulf coast states of the US Popular recreational species targeted for stock enhancement Popular recreational species targeted for stock enhancement Also a seafood delicacy with commercial aquacultural production occurring in the US and expanding rapidly in Asia Also a seafood delicacy with commercial aquacultural production occurring in the US and expanding rapidly in Asia

15. Red Drum Commercial Fishery Historically sustained harvest of ~1 million pounds in the Gulf coast states until early 1980s “Blackened redfish” craze heightened demand and jeopardized wild stocks State of Texas prohibited sale of wild red drum in 1981

16. Conservation & Restoration Efforts Adaptive & Integrative Management Adaptive & Integrative Management Habitat Conservation & Restoration Habitat Conservation & Restoration Outreach & Education Outreach & Education Stock Enhancement Program Stock Enhancement Program –Annually ~30 million red drum fingerlings released (2003 production estimate) “…optimizing the long-term utilization and sustaining fisheries populations at levels that are necessary to ensure replenishable stocks of commercially and recreationally important species.” – TPWD - Coastal Fisheries Management Strategy

17. Red Drum Nutrition Most of the critical nutrient requirements have been quantified for this species to allow refined commercial diet formulations Most of the critical nutrient requirements have been quantified for this species to allow refined commercial diet formulations This species requires relatively high levels of dietary protein (~40%) as other marine carnivores This species requires relatively high levels of dietary protein (~40%) as other marine carnivores Diet formulations initially contained relatively high levels of fish meal Diet formulations initially contained relatively high levels of fish meal Efforts have been made to reduce dependence on fish meal by evaluating various alternatives such as marine by-products and plant feedstuffs Efforts have been made to reduce dependence on fish meal by evaluating various alternatives such as marine by-products and plant feedstuffs

18. Marine By-Products Evaluated with Red Drum and Rainbow Trout in a Nat’l Marine Aquaculture Initiative Project Shrimp by-catch meal – assorted fish from Gulf shrimp trawlers Shrimp by-catch meal – assorted fish from Gulf shrimp trawlers Shrimp waste meal – processing waste from aquacultured shrimp Shrimp waste meal – processing waste from aquacultured shrimp Pacific whiting Pacific whiting Pacific whiting with solubles Pacific whiting with solubles Red salmon head meal – processing waste of red salmon from Alaska Red salmon head meal – processing waste of red salmon from Alaska

19. Results with Red Drum and Rainbow Trout By-catch from shrimp trawls and red salmon meal are nutritious replacements of fish meal By-catch from shrimp trawls and red salmon meal are nutritious replacements of fish meal More limited substitution of menhaden fish meal (< 50%) with other by-products will be possible without reducing fish performance More limited substitution of menhaden fish meal (< 50%) with other by-products will be possible without reducing fish performance Utilization of shrimp-processing waste may be limited by excessive chitin Utilization of shrimp-processing waste may be limited by excessive chitin Digestibility coefficients of the various by-product meals will allow substitution of other feedstuffs on an available-nutrient basis Digestibility coefficients of the various by-product meals will allow substitution of other feedstuffs on an available-nutrient basis

20. Palatability of plant feedstuffs may be limited for some carnivorous species and digestibility of certain nutrients may be reduced Palatability of plant feedstuffs may be limited for some carnivorous species and digestibility of certain nutrients may be reduced Compared to fish meal, sulfur amino acids (methionine + cystine) and/or lysine may be limiting in plant feedstuffs Compared to fish meal, sulfur amino acids (methionine + cystine) and/or lysine may be limiting in plant feedstuffs Amino acid supplementation may be required when replacing fish meal Amino acid supplementation may be required when replacing fish meal Limitations of Plant Feedstuffs

21. Menhaden Soybean DL-Alimet TM fish meal meal methionine Protein % 64 50 Methionine % 1.75 0.68 $/unit wt. 0.26 0.10 $/unit prot. 0.39 0.20 $/unit Met14.5 14.5 2.0 1.26 Ingredient Comparisons

22. Weight Gain Exp. 1 p-value = 0.0001 B AAA A

23. Practical Diet Formulations for Feeding Red Drum from Juvenile to Market Size (1.5 kg) Ingredient Formulation (% as fed) AB 1 Menhaden fishmeal32.3 5.5 Soybean meal (48% protein)26.0 66.0 Meat and bone meal10.0 Wheat26.013.1 Menhaden fish oil 5.0 5.2 Mineral premix 0.1 3.0 Vitamin premix 0.1 4.0 Dicalcium phosphate 0.5 2.6 DL-methionine 0.8 1 McGoogan and Gatlin (1997)

24. Conclusions A greater understanding of nutritional needs of marine species is allowing for refinement of diet formulations Various alternatives to fish meal and other marine ingredients have been identified and are effectively replacing fish meal Advancements in nutrition and feeding of fish have not only reduced production costs, but also may favorably influence compositional attributes and reduce nutrient excretion into the environment Further nutritional refinements and manipulations also hold promise to aid in improving immunity and disease resistance of cultured fish