2. The Trace Minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

3. The Trace Minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

4. Trace Minerals IronZinc IodineSelenium FluorideCopper ManganeseChromium MolybdenumArsenic NickelSilicon BoronCobalt

5. Iron Ferrous (Fe ++ ) –Reduced Ferric (Fe +++ ) –Oxidized Chief functions in the body –Part of the protein hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood –Part of the protein myoglobin in muscles, which makes oxygen available for muscle contraction –Necessary for the utilization of energy as part of the cells’ metabolic machinery Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

6. Iron Absorption Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

7. Iron Sources – two forms of iron in food 1. Heme iron – meats, poultry, fish; readily absorbed 2. Nonheme iron – plants foods; less absorbed a. Absorption enhanced by Vitamin C b. Absorption diminished by phytates, oxalates, and tannic acid

8. Iron: Heme vs. Nonheme Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

9. Iron 2001 RDA –Men: 8 mg/day –Women (19-50 years): 18 mg/day –Women (51+ years): 8 mg/day Upper level for adults: 45 mg/day Significant sources –Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs –Legumes, dried fruits Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

11. Iron Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide Can occur if inadequate intake or blood loss Females are prone due to menstruation, lower iron intake & pregnancy Preschoolers also at risk due to high milk diets Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

12. Iron Deficiency symptoms –Microcytic, hypochromic anemia (low Hgb & Hct): weakness, fatigue, headaches –Impaired work performance and cognitive function –Impaired immunity –Pale skin, nailbeds, mucous membranes, and palm creases –Concave nails –Inability to regulate body temperature –Pica (craving for ice, clay, paste, and other non-food substances) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

13. Both size and color are normal in these blood cells Blood cells in iron- deficiency anemia are small and pale because they contain less hemoglobin

14. Iron Toxicity – “iron overload”; more common in men -Hemochromatosis – genetic defect -Hemosiderosis – chronic ingestion of too much iron; more common in alcoholics -Iron poisoning – acute toxicity from overdose of iron supplements; can be deadly in small children Toxicity symptoms –GI distress –Iron overload: infections, fatigue, joint pain, skin pigmentation, organ damage Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

15. Zinc Chief functions in the body –Part of many enzymes, esp. enzymes for transfer of carbon dioxide –Associated with the hormone insulin –Involved in making genetic material and proteins –Important to wound healing, taste perception, reproduction (the making of sperm), vision (transports and activates Vit. A) & immune function Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

16. Zinc 2001 RDA –Men: 11 mg/day –Women: 8 mg/day Upper level for adults: 40 mg/day Significant sources –Protein-containing foods –Red meats, shellfish –Whole grains Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

18. Zinc Deficiency symptoms –In children, growth retardation and delayed sexual maturation –Impaired immune function –Hair loss –Eye and skin lesions –Loss of appetite and abnormal taste –Depressed immune function and poor wound healing - Night blindness

19. Zinc Toxicity – not likely, unless supplement abus e Toxicity symptoms –Loss of appetite, impaired immunity, low HDL, copper and iron deficiencies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

20. Iodine Chief functions in the body –A component of two thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate 2001 RDA for adults: 150 g/day Upper level: 1100 g/day

21. Iodine Significant sources –Iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products, plants grown in iodine- rich soil and animals fed those plants (content of iodine in soils affects food content) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

22. Iodine Deficiency disease -Simple goiter- enlarged thyroid; affects 200 million people worldwide -Creatinism- severe mental and physical retardation in infants Deficiency symptoms –Underactive thyroid gland, goiter Toxicity symptoms –Underactive thyroid gland, elevated TSH, goiter (also causes enlarged thyroid gland) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

23. Selenium Chief functions in the body –Defends against oxidation –Regulates thyroid hormone 2000 RDA for adults: 55 g/day Upper level for adults: 400 g/day Significant sources –Seafood, meat –Whole grains, vegetables (depending on soil content) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

24. Selenium Deficiency symptoms –Predisposition to heart disease (cardiomyopathy) characterized by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous (Keshan disease) Toxicity symptoms -Highly toxic, esp. supplement abuse –Loss and brittleness of hair and nails –Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and nervous system disorders –Garlic breath odor Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

25. Copper Chief functions in the body –Component of enzymes involved in the absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin –Part of several enzymes necessary for collagen, healing wounds, maintaining nerve fiber’s myelin sheath Upper level for adults: 2001 RDA for adults: 900 g/day 10,000 g/day (10 mg/day) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

26. Copper Significant sources –Seafood –Nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes Deficiency symptoms (rare) –Anemia, bone abnormalities Toxicity symptoms-only in supplement abuse & abnormal storage in Wilson’s disease - Liver damage Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

27. Manganese Chief functions in the body –Cofactor for several enzymes –Component of bones and glands 2001 AI –Men: 2.3 mg/day –Women: 1.8 mg/day Upper level for adults: 11 mg/day Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

28. Manganese Significant sources –Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, tea Deficiency symptoms –Rare; requirements are low Toxicity symptoms –Nervous system disorders –Has occurred in miners inhaling large quantities of dust causes brain damage Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

29. Fluoride Chief functions in the body –Involved in the formation of bones and teeth –Helps to make teeth resistant to decay 1997 AI –Men: 3.8 mg/day –Women: 3.1 mg/day Upper level for adults: 10 mg/day Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

30. Fluoride Significant sources –Drinking water (if fluoride containing or fluoridated) –Tea, seafood Deficiency symptoms –Susceptibility to tooth decay –Higher incidence of dental caries Toxicity symptoms –Fluorosis (pitting and discoloration of tooth enamel) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

31. U.S. Population With Fluoridated Water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

32. Chromium Chief functions in the body –Enhances insulin action –CHO & lipid metabolism 2001 AI - Men: 35 g/day –Women: 25 g/day Significant sources –Meats (especially liver) –Whole grains, brewer’s yeast Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

33. Chromium Deficiency symptoms –Diabetes-like condition; mimics symptoms of diabetes, especially in elderly Toxicity symptoms –None reported Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

34. Trace Minerals Others – Molybdenum, Nickel, Cobalt, Silicon, Boron, Arsenic Known to be important & essential for animals but human requirements under study No recommendation is necessary since there is no evidence that intake by humans is ever limiting and unestablished roles in health maintenance