1. Oceans and Human Health - A New Concept - A New Federal Program - A New Research Direction for USM A COSEE Online Institute Presentation Dr. D. Jay Grimes

2. Topics to Cover What is “Ocean Health” NOAA’s OHH Efforts Ocean Health Research at USM –Vibrio pathogens –Bacteria and the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico

3. 3 What Is “Ocean Health”? The condition or health of coastal and ocean ecosystems reflects the ability of those ecosystems to continue to provide goods (e.g., fisheries) and services (e.g., waste treatment, storm protection) and maintain their integrity, diversity, and resiliency. In turn, ecosystem health affects: –Health of marine organisms; –Health of people who are part of and exposed to coastal ecosystems; –Health of coastal communities which depend upon ocean/coastal ecosystems for a variety of important ecological services; and –Health of coastal economies which provide ~60% of the nation’s GDP. Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA

4. The Big Hairy Questions How will the oceans affect my health and well-being? Is the seafood safe to eat and are the waters safe to swim in or drink? How will climate change affect ocean health threats? Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA

5. OHH – A National Priority Established the Interagency OHH Program Authorized NOAA’s OHH Initiative Required a ten-year implementation plan to define goals and priorities for OHH Federal research and application Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA

6. In Support of America's Ocean and Coasts: Safe, Healthy and Productive OHHI’s Mission: To improve understanding and management of the ocean, coasts and Great Lakes to enhance benefits to human health and reduce public health risks. Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA

7. Understanding the Linkages NOAA’s OHHI will bring understanding and assessment of the oceans full circle since it evaluates and communicates both the impact of humans on the oceans, as well as the impact of the oceans on human health. Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA

8. The Health Risks Seafood-borne Illnesses Harmful Algal Blooms Ocean Pathogens Chemical Contaminants The Health Benefits New Drugs and Products Seafood Health Benefits Drinking Water Ecosystem Services Healthy Economies Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA Ocean Health Risks and Benefits

9. OHHI Goals 1.Lead the development of early warning systems to forecast threats and predict long-term risks to human health throughout US coastal and Great Lakes waters. 2.Investigate and optimize health benefits from the sea. 3.Develop a robust OHH community working across disciplines and institutions to improve public health Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA

11. Desired Outcomes HEALTHY OCEANS, HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS, HEALTHY PEOPLE, AND HEALTHY ECONOMIES Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA

12. OCEANS AND HUMAN HEALTH AT USM

13. The Vibrios Vibrio cholerae was one of the first bacteria to be isolated in pure culture V. cholerae first observed by Pacini in 1854 30 years later the German physician Robert Koch reported the first cultivation of this pathogen Dr. Robert Koch Dr. D. Jay Grimes

14. The Vibrios Over 70 Vibrio species are now recognized 24 species are pathogenic for animals and plants Of these 24, 12 occur in human specimens and 11 are confirmed human pathogens In general, the human pathogens cause diarrhea or extra-intestinal infections – usually wound infections Several species cause diseases in other animals – both vertebrates (most commonly in fishes - vibriosis) and invertebrates – and in plants – and in corals Dr. D. Jay Grimes

15. Isolation of Vibrios Enrichment –Alkaline peptone water Non-selective –Marine agar 2216 –T1N3 agar (1% tryptone and 3% NaCl) Selective –Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts- sucrose (TCBS) –Vibrio vulnificus agar (VVA) –Cellobiose-polymixin B-colistin (CPC + ) agar –Chromagar APW suc- suc+ Vv VVA TCBS VVA T1N3 Dr. D. Jay Grimes

16. Identification of Vibrios Classical phenotypic tests Biolog ® Serology – serotyping, FAB Alkaline phosphatase- labeled DNA probes PCR, rtPCR, qPCR FISH, RING-FISH FAB FISH Dr. D. Jay Grimes

17. The Big Three Vibrio cholerae –Over 180 defined O antigens (O1 and 179 non-O1) –Serogroup O1 (pandemics) –Serogroup O139 (epidemics) –O1 biogroups are classic and El Tor –Toxigenic and non-toxigenic (cholera toxin or CT) Vibrio parahaemolyticus –13 O antigens and 60 K antigens –Predominate strain is O3:K6 (pandemic) Vibrio vulnificus –7 O antigens with O1 and O4 predominate Dr. D. Jay Grimes

18. Vibrio cholerae Pacini 1854 First Vibrio to be isolated and described Ubiquitous in estuarine and marine environments Temperature and salinity optima are 25 o C and 2-14 ppt Commonly associated with marine animals and plants (epizootic and epiphytic) Dr. D. Jay Grimes

19. Vibrio cholerae (Slide courtesy of Drs. Rita Colwell and Constantin de Magney, University of Maryland)

20. Vibrio parahaemolyticus Fujino et al. 1951 Most common agent of Vibrio disease in humans after V. cholerae The most common causes of food borne disease in Japan (ca. 70%) Most common cause of seafood-borne disease in U.S. Causes acute gastroenteritis Can cause septicemia and wound infection First Vp pandemic began in 1996, involving three major serotypes – O3:K6, O4:K68, and O1:K untypeable Dr. D. Jay Grimes

21. V. parahaemolyticus Outbreaks Historically, U.S. outbreaks were associated with cooked crabs – illness from raw molluscan shellfish had been sporadic Now raw oysters are the primary source Large U.S. outbreaks in 1969, 71, 72, 82, 92, 97, 98, and 2006 In 1997, Vp from molluscan shellfish caused a large outbreak in the Pacific Northwest –involved 209 persons & one died from septicemia –isolates belonged to common U.S. serogroups (O1, O4, O5) and all were TDH+ Dr. D. Jay Grimes

22. Vibrio vulnificus ( Reichelt et al. 1979) Farmer 1980 Vv causes: – primary septicemia (ingestion of shellfish) – gastroenteritis (ingestion of shellfish)? – wound infections (contact) Preexisting liver dysfunction or disease greatly increases susceptibility and mortality High fatality rate among compromised Highest fatality rate of any bacterium known (>50%) Dr. D. Jay Grimes

23. Vibrio vulnificus Virulence factors not well understood Hemolysins and pathogenicity –V. vulnificus hemolysin (vvh) –Powerful iron sequestration ability –Capsule and endotoxin –Two genotypes – clinical (C) and environmental (E) and only C causes disease in humans –Others??? Dr. D. Jay Grimes

24. V. vulnificus Ecology Vv isolated from all U.S. coastal areas Most prevalent during warm months Temperature and salinity ranges are above 20 o C and 5-25 ppt Optima are 30 o C and 5-10 ppt Appears to associate with marine animals Can become nonculturable with stress Dr. D. Jay Grimes

25. Vp Detection by Satellite We are predicting the presence of Vp in oysters by using satellite remote sensing The RS products we use are temperature and salinity Sea surface temperature (SST) is directly measured and salinity is inferred from colored dissolved organic matter(CDOM) Dr. D. Jay Grimes

26. RS Platforms SeaStar carries SeaWiFS Launched August 1997 1-km 2 pixels, used for color Global coverage every 2 days Terra carries MODIS Launched December 1999 1-km 2 pixels, SST & turbidity Global coverage every 1-2 days Two popular NASA satellite RS platforms used by oceanographers are SeaStar and Terra Terra – the MODIS platform SeaStar – the SeaWiFS platform Dr. D. Jay Grimes

27. Recent Vp Maps that Include Salinity average log(Vp/g) = -2.05 + 0.097*T WATER + 0.2*SAL - 0.0055*SAL 2 SSTSalinity Vp/g Dr. D. Jay Grimes

28. Vibrios and Oil DAPI cells on oil droplets Vibrio sp. (16S- FISH) FISH DAPI cell near oil droplet DAPI + Vp (16S FISH) Vp R/V Pelican GCRL Microbial Response Surface water sample collected 2 miles from the DH site by R/V Pelican on May 14 Being used to develop methods for our research

29. Dr. D. Jay Grimes Vibrios and Oil GCRL Microbial Response Surface water sample collected 2 miles from the DH site by R/V Pelican on May 14 Being used to develop methods for our research R/V Pelican

30. Thank You Dr. D. Jay Grimes Professor – Department of Coastal Sciences, Marine Microbial Ecology jay.grimes@usm.edu Gulf Coast Research Laboratory 703 East Beach Drive Ocean Springs, MS 39564