1. Ch. 9 – Applications, Design, and Site Survey Preparation Cisco Fundamentals of Wireless LANs version 1.1 Rick Graziani Cabrillo College

2. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu2 Overview

3. Site Survey

4. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu4 Site survey A good site survey will help determine the following: –Feasibility of the desired coverage –Radio frequency interference –Wired connectivity limitations The process of performing a site survey includes the following steps: 1.Gather tools and configuration. 2.Research and investigate industry specific concerns. 3.Gather the recommended equipment list, or site survey kit. 4.Implement the site survey. 5.Document the site survey.

5. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu5 Site survey considerations

6. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu6

7. 7 Standards and topologies Besides the advantages, know the limitations and restrictions of the standards and technologies.

8. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu8 Standards and topologies A site survey engineer is responsible for not only finding the best locations for the APs, but also for finding ways to connect the APs to the wired network. Therefore, it is crucial that the engineer have an understanding of wired networks. This understanding should cover wired LAN topologies, standards, and components.

9. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu9 Safety Considerations

10. Applications

11. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu11 Choosing the technology based on the application

12. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu12 Applications, Requirements, Infrastructure

13. WLAN Design

14. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu14 Design Guidelines High availability is achieved through system redundancy and proper coverage area design. –System redundancy includes redundant APs on separate frequencies. –Proper coverage area design includes accounting for roaming, automatic rate negotiation when signal strength weakens, proper antenna selection, and possibly the use of a repeater to extend coverage to areas where an AP cannot be used. Scalability is accomplished by supporting multiple APs per coverage area using multiple frequencies or hop patterns. –APs can also perform load balancing if desired. Diagnostic tools represent a large portion of management within WLANs. Interoperability is achieved through adherence to standards such as 802.11a, b, and g, participation in interoperability associations such as Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA), and certification such as FCC certification.

15. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu15 Applications and data collection Copper installations can still provide higher data rates, but price is no longer a factor. A WLAN can be installed for roughly the same price as a copper-based network, and it provides many benefits over a wired network. As prices continue to decrease on wireless products and throughput speeds continue to increase, wireless will continue to increase in popularity. This may also be a factor in the design.

16. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu16 Load and coverage The load on an access point or the total number of potential clients should be considered in any design. One problem with WLANs is that the number of potential clients can be unknown, since the freedom of wireless allows any number of people to converge within an area.

17. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu17 Bandwidth and throughput 2 Mbps units transmit at 2 Mbps, which takes five times as long to transmit the same data as an 11 Mbps product would. This means the data rate is only 2 Mbps for any given remote, and the total that the 11 Mbps unit “could” see is 2 Mbps. You may want to use more APs which are closer together to make higher data rates more available.

18. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu18 Mobile Users Data collection users are also highly mobile users. That is the advantage of the wireless data collection device. It enables the end user to freely roam throughout the facility and scan items instead of having to carry the item to a scanner that is attached to a fixed terminal. Coverage must not have holes and must have enough overlap between APs to offer truly transparent roaming.

19. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu19 Power consumption CAM (Constant Awake Mode) - Default –Power is not an issue –Always on PSP (Power Save Mode) –Power is an issue –AP buffers frames –Wakes up periodically to receive frames Fast PSP (Fast Power Save Mode) –Switches between CAM and PSP, whether plugged in or not. See earlier presentation on Power Save Modes.

20. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu20 Interference 802.11 WLANs are unlicensed users of the spectrum, which allows customers to manage their own products and implementations. As unlicensed users they must accept interference from other unlicensed users and are not allowed to cause interference to licensed users.

21. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu21 Authentication and Encryption Be sure your equipment will support the security features you want to implement now and in the near future. –Can they be upgraded with software or firmware?

22. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu22 Fire code and safety issues It is important to use local building, fire, and electrical codes when designing WLANS. The National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA), develops, publishes, and disseminates codes and standards intended to minimize the possibility and effects of fire and other risks.

23. Building-to-Building Design

24. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu24 Building to Building Design Much of the information in the module is covered in detail in earlier modules. Please refer to the online curriculum for this module and previous modules for more information.

25. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu25 Path Considerations Radio line of sight Earth bulge Fresnel zone Antenna and cabling Data rate

26. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu26 Line of Sight The following obstructions might obscure a visual link: – Topographic features, such as mountains – Curvature of the Earth – Buildings and other man-made objects – Trees

27. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu Longer Distances Line of Sight disappears at 6 miles (9.7 Km) due to the earth curve

28. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu28 Fresnel Zone

29. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu29 Improving Fresnel Effect Raise the antenna New structure Existing structure Different mounting point Remove trees

30. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu30 Total Distance Fresnel @ 60% (Value “F”) Earth Curvature (Value “C”) Antenna Height (Value “H”) Site to Site Fresnel Zone Antenna Height –Fresnel zone consideration –Line-of-Sight over 25 miles (40 Km) hard to implement

31. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu31 Antenna Alignment Line of Sight

32. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu32 Antenna Issues No Downtilt One-way communications High gain omni-directional Directional antenna

33. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu33 Antenna Issues (cont.) 8 Miles/13 Km 700 ft./213 m 8.5 0 downtilt 14.5 0 200 ft./61 m

34. Site Survey Equipment

35. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu35 Site Survey Equipment Much of the information in the module is covered in detail in earlier modules. Please refer to the online curriculum for this module and previous modules for more information.

36. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu36 Access Points 802.11b –With RP-TNC Reverse Polarity Threaded Naval Connector (RP-TNC) 1200 Series Access Point (2.4 GHz) Without RP-TNC 1100 Series Access Point 802.11a –1200 Series with 5 GHz Module Survey with correct access point –Customer purchases an 1200 Series Access Point - survey with a 1200 Series Access Point

37. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu37 Client Cards PC Cards LM Cards MMCX Cable Connectors

38. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu38 Antennas Two of every antenna you may have to use Diversity Availability of antennas

39. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu39 Battery Pack and Cables Battery Pack Charger Cables –Serial or RJ-45 to DB- 9 roll-over cable –RP-TNC Assembly

40. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu40 Mounting Brackets Mounting bracket Mounting solutions –Bright color tape –Velcro –Beam clamps –Zip ties Secure the access point!

41. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu41 Access Point Markers Mark access point and antenna locations Bright colors Durable but easily removed

42. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu42 Antenna Attenuator Difficult to carry one cable of each length Splitters, cables, and lightning arrestors add loss Duplicate the loss with a single device

43. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu43 Measuring Devices Measuring wheel (horizontal distances) Height measurement Rope marked in 10’ or 3 meters increments (vertical distances)

44. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu44 Digital Camera Easiest way to document unusual situations Need to photograph antenna mounting locations & methods

45. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu45 Travel Case Portable travel case –Sufficiently padded –Checkable as luggage Quick deployment

46. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu46 Cisco Aironet Site Survey Kit Cisco Aironet In-Building Site Survey Kit –Airline approved travel case –Custom cut foam inserts Inventory includes: –Access point with 2 RP- TNC connectors 2.4 GHz 5 GHz Radio module (optional)

47. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu47 Cisco Aironet Site Survey Kit PC Card Adapter with Integrated Antenna –802.11b – 11 Mbps (2.4 GHz) –Optional 802.11a – 54 Mbps (5 GHz) 2.2 dBi Dipole Antenna 2 dBi Diversity Omni- directional Ceiling Mount Antenna 6.5 dBi Diversity Patch Wall Mount Antenna

48. Site Survey Documentation and Utilities

49. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu49 Pre-site Survey Form Assists you in assessing –Type of survey needed –How long it will take –Equipment needed –Introduction to the customer’s facility General fact gathering form

50. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu Aironet Client Utility: Site Survey

51. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu Link Status Meter

52. Ch. 9 – Applications, Design, and Site Survey Preparation Cisco Fundamentals of Wireless LANs version 1.1 Rick Graziani Cabrillo College