1. CHEMICAL BONDING A guide for GCSE students 2010 SPECIFICATIONS KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

2. CHEMICAL BONDING INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work.

3. CHEMICAL BONDING OVERVIEW The following slides illustrate how the three main chemical bonds are formed. The physical properties of elements and compounds are influenced by the type of bonding. To understand how structure and bonding affects the physical properties of elements and compounds, view the powerpoint ‘STRUCTURE & BONDING’ available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE GCSE WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm

4. WHAT IS BONDING? Very few substances consist of single atoms. The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms

5. WHAT IS BONDING? Very few substances consist of single atoms. The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O 2, N 2 ), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures.

6. WHAT IS BONDING? Very few substances consist of single atoms. The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O 2, N 2 ), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures. COMPOUNDS are ‘substances in which two or more different elements are chemically combined’.

7. WHAT IS BONDING? Very few substances consist of single atoms. The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O 2, N 2 ), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures. COMPOUNDS are ‘substances in which two or more different elements are chemically combined’. Elements can be combined using… IONIC COVALENT or METALLIC bonds The type of bonding depends on the outer shell electronic configurations of the atoms being bonded.

8. 18+ 10+ 2+ NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ARGON 2,8,8 HELIUM 2 NEON 2,8 NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE ‘FULL’ Group 0

9. 18+ 10+ 2+ NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ARGON 2,8,8 HELIUM 2 NEON 2,8 NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE ‘FULL’ ATOMS WITHOUT A ‘FULL’ OUTER SHELL TRY TO GET ONE THEY CAN DO THIS IN SEVERAL WAYS Group 0

10. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

11. H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS Li2,1 Na2,8,1 K2,8,8,1 Be2,2 Mg2,8,2 Ca2,8,8,2 Al2,8,3

12. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS Li2,1 Na2,8,1 K2,8,8,1 Be2,2 Mg2,8,2 Ca2,8,8,2 Al2,8,3 O2,6 S2,8,6 F2,7 Cl2,8,7

13. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT Na2,8,1 K2,8,8,1 Mg2,8,2 Ca2,8,8,2 Al2,8,3 O2,6 S2,8,6 F2,7 Cl2,8,7

14. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION Na2,8,1 K2,8,8,1 Mg2,8,2 Ca2,8,8,2 Al2,8,3 O2,6 S2,8,6 F2,7 Cl2,8,7

15. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED

16. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONSPOSITIVE IONS (CATIONS)

17. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONSPOSITIVE IONS THOSE ON THE RIGHT NOW HAVE MORE ELECTRONS NEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS)

18. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONSPOSITIVE IONS THOSE ON THE RIGHT NOW HAVE MORE ELECTRONS NEGATIVE IONS THE IONS ATTRACT EACH OTHER TO FORM AN IONIC BOND

19. IONIC BONDING

20. SODIUM CHLORIDE ClCl SODIUM ATOM 2,8,1 Na CHLORINE ATOM 2,8,7 PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

21. SODIUM CHLORIDE ClCl SODIUM ION 2,8 Na CHLORIDE ION 2,8,8 both species now have ‘full’ outer shells; ie they have the electronic configuration of a noble gas +

22. SODIUM CHLORIDE ClCl SODIUM ION 2,8 Na CHLORIDE ION 2,8,8 NaNa + + e¯ 2,8,1 2,8 ELECTRON TRANSFERRED C l + e¯ C l ¯ 2,8,7 2,8,8 +

23. CALCIUM CHLORIDE ClCl CALCIUM ATOM 2,8,8,2 Ca CHLORINE ATOMS 2,8,7 ClCl PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

24. CALCIUM CHLORIDE ClCl CALCIUM ION 2,8,8 Ca CHLORIDE IONS 2,8,8 ClCl 2+ PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

25. CALCIUM CHLORIDE ClCl CALCIUM ION 2,8,8 Ca CHLORIDE IONS 2,8,8 ClCl 2+ CaCa 2+ + 2e¯ 2,8,8,2 2,8,8 2 ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED 2C l + 2e¯ 2C l ¯ 2,8,7 2,8

26. MAGNESIUM OXIDE O MAGNESIUM ATOM 2,8,2 Mg OXYGEN ATOM 2,6 PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

27. MAGNESIUM OXIDE MAGNESIUM ION 2,8 Mg 2+ OXIDE ION 2,8 O 2- PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

28. MAGNESIUM OXIDE MAGNESIUM ION 2,8 Mg 2+ OXIDE ION 2,8 O 2- MgMg 2+ + 2e¯ 2,8,2 2,8 2 ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED O + 2e¯ O 2- 2,6 2,8

29. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2

30. H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS

31. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS TYPICAL COMBINATIONS Elements H 2 O 2 N 2 Cl 2 Compounds H 2 O NH 3 CH 4 TYPICAL COMBINATIONS Elements H 2 O 2 N 2 Cl 2 Compounds H 2 O NH 3 CH 4

32. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THEY MUST… TYPICAL COMBINATIONS Elements H 2 O 2 N 2 Cl 2 Compounds H 2 O NH 3 CH 4 TYPICAL COMBINATIONS Elements H 2 O 2 N 2 Cl 2 Compounds H 2 O NH 3 CH 4

33. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS TYPICAL COMBINATIONS Elements H 2 O 2 N 2 Cl 2 Compounds H 2 O NH 3 CH 4 TYPICAL COMBINATIONS Elements H 2 O 2 N 2 Cl 2 Compounds H 2 O NH 3 CH 4

34. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS A SHARED PAIR OF ELECTRONS IS KNOWN AS A COVALENT BOND TYPICAL COMBINATIONS Elements H 2 O 2 N 2 Cl 2 Compounds H 2 O NH 3 CH 4 TYPICAL COMBINATIONS Elements H 2 O 2 N 2 Cl 2 Compounds H 2 O NH 3 CH 4

35. COVALENT BONDING

36. A covalent bond consists of… a shared pair of electrons with one electron being supplied by each atom either side of the bond. COVALENT BONDS ARE STRONG The atoms are held together because both their nuclei (which have an overall positive charge) are attracted to the same shared pair of negatively charged electrons. COVALENT BONDS ARE STRONG. + + shared pair of electrons Nucleus (positively charged)

37. HYDROGEN H HHH both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond H H2H2

38. HYDROGEN H HHH both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond Covalent bonds are represented by a line H2H2

39. HYDROGEN H Another hydrogen atom also needs one electron to complete its outer shell Hydrogen atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond A hydrogen MOLECULE is formed H H H WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

40. CHLORINE C l both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond A CHLORINE MOLECULE IS FORMED ClCl ClCl ClCl ClCl Cl2Cl2

41. CHLORINE Another chlorine atom also needs one electron to complete its outer shell Chlorine atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE ClCl PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION ClCl C l

42. HYDROGEN CHLORIDE ClCl H ClCl H H C l atom also needs one electron to complete its outer shell atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond A HYDROGEN CHLORIDE MOLECULE IS FORMED HC l

43. HYDROGEN CHLORIDE ClCl H Hydrogen atom also needs one electron to complete its outer shell Chlorine atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond H C l WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

44. METHANE C H H HH C H H H H H C H H H H H each atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell atom needs four electrons to complete its outer shell Carbon shares all 4 of its electrons to form 4 single covalent bonds CH 4

45. METHANE C Each hydrogen atom needs 1 electron to complete its outer shell A carbon atom needs 4 electrons to complete its outer shell Carbon shares all 4 of its electrons to form 4 single covalent bonds H H H H H C H H H H H WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

46. AMMONIA N H H H N H HH H N H H H each atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell atom needs three electrons to complete its outer shell Nitrogen can only share 3 of its 5 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8 A LONE PAIR REMAINS NH 3

47. AMMONIA N Each hydrogen atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell Nitrogen atom needs 3 electrons to complete its outer shell Nitrogen can only share 3 of its 5 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8 A LONE PAIR REMAINS H H H H N H H H WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

48. WATER O H H O H H each atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell atom needs two electrons to complete its outer shell Oxygen can only share 2 of its 6 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8 TWO LONE PAIRS REMAIN H O H H H2OH2O

49. WATER Each hydrogen atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell Oxygen atom needs 2 electrons to complete its outer shell Oxygen can only share 2 of its 6 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8 2 LONE PAIRS REMAIN H H H O H H WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION O

50. OXYGEN O each oxygen atom needs two electrons to complete its outer shell each oxygen shares 2 of its electrons to form a DOUBLE COVALENT BOND OO O O Double covalent bonds are represented by TWO lines O2O2

51. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3

52. H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION* ARE METALS

53. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION* ARE METALS The central section of the periodic table contains the transition metals TRANSITIONMETALS

54. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE METALS ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

55. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE METALS ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

56. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE METALS ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OF ELECTRONS ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

57. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE METALS ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OF ELECTRONS THIS IS KNOWN AS... METALLIC BONDING ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

58. METALLIC BONDING

59. METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

60. METALLIC BONDING METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER Atoms arrange themselves in a regular lattice

61. METALLIC BONDING METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER Atoms arrange themselves in a regular lattice The outer shell electrons of each atom leave to join a mobile ‘cloud’ or ‘sea’ of electrons which can roam throughout the metal. The electron cloud holds positive ions together.

62. METALLIC BONDING METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER SODIUM ATOMS WITH ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,1 Na

63. METALLIC BONDING METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER SODIUM ATOMS WITH ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,1 THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED Na

64. METALLIC BONDING METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER SODIUM ATOMS WITH ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,1 THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED Na POSITIVE SODIUM IONS WITH ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8

65. METALLIC BONDING METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER SODIUM ATOMS WITH ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,1 THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED Na POSITIVE SODIUM IONS WITH ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8 THE ELECTRON CLOUD CONTAINS THE RELEASED OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

66. TO LEARN HOW THE TYPE OF BONDING AFFECTS THE STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS, VIEW THE ASSOCIATED POWERPOINT PRESENTATION… STRUCTURE & BONDING WHICH CAN BE DOWNLOADED FROM THE KNOCKHARDY GCSE WEBSITE AT… www.knockhardy.org/gcse.htm

67. © 2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING CHEMICAL BONDING THE END