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Unit 3: Financial Process
Contents: Manage the Chart of Accounts. Post a Journal Entry: Enter manual journal entry From a journal voucher Using a posting template As a recurring posting
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Financial Process: Unit Objectives
After completing this unit, you will be able to: Set up a Chart of Accounts adapted to the company type Discuss the Chart of Accounts structure Discuss the effect of the standard processes on the Chart of Accounts Manage the Chart of Accounts Explain the ways to post journal entries Post a journal entry in SAP Business One.
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Financial Process: Course Overview Diagram
Topic 1: Manage the Chart of Accounts Topic 2: Post a Journal Entry
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Financial Process: Business Example
You are implementing SAP Business One at a new customer, OEC Computers. Maria the accountant shows you some financial reports she issued in their legacy system and tells you that when looking at these reports she cannot see the overall financial status of the company. You ask Maria what is exactly the problem and you find out that the order of the accounts and their balances summary in the reports make them ambiguous. You tell Maria about the Chart of Accounts structure in SAP Business One that affects the Financial Reports structure. You then discuss with Maria the options for entering manual journal entries. You show her the different posting tools that can help her in entering those entries correctly.
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Manage the Chart of Accounts
Financial Process Topic 1: Manage the Chart of Accounts Topic 2: Post a Journal Entry
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Manage the Chart of Accounts: Topic Purpose
After completing this topic, you will be able to: Adapt a Chart of Accounts for a business According to accounting conventions: Discuss the Chart of Accounts structure Discuss the effect of the standard processes on the Chart of Accounts Manage the Chart of Accounts
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Manage the Chart of Accounts: Business Example
You are implementing SAP Business One at a new customer, OEC Computers. Maria, the accountant, tells you that moving to SAP Business One is a good opportunity for her to organize the company accounts structure. You show Maria the pre-defined Chart of Account templates in SAP Business One. You tell her that she can use this template as the basis for her Chart of Accounts and adjust it before go live. Maria says that this structure will help her in presenting the financial reports in a clear and structured way. You discuss with Maria the effect of the sales and purchasing processes on the chart of accounts and as a result on the financial reports. Maria has chosen a Chart of Account template and now, you show her how to adjust the accounts: add, remove and update.
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Reflection Question: The Chart of Accounts
How are the Business Partner Master Data balances presented in the Chart of Accounts? The Business Partner Master Data balances do not appear in the Chart of Accounts. The receivable and payable control accounts accumulate the customer and vendor transactions in their balances. Hence, the Chart of Accounts presents the complete financial status of the company, as well as the Financial Reports (P&L, Balance Sheet). Accounts Receivable = Control Account A/R Invoice Control Account Debit Credit Accounts Receivable Customer 105 Tax account 5 Income account 100 We discussed the control accounts topic in unit 1: SAP Business One Standard Financial Processes.
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The Chart of Accounts The chart of accounts is an index of all G/L accounts used by your business. Every G/L account has: An account code An account description And other information that determines the functions of the G/L account. Chart Of Accounts To access the chart of accounts, select Financials → Chart of Accounts.
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The Financial Process in SAP Business One
Financial Settings Sales and Purchasing process Automatic Journal Entries Manual Journal Entries Reconciliations Period End Closing General Ledger, Chart of Accounts and Reports Chart of Accounts G/L Account Determination A/P Invoice Outgoing Payment Good Receipt PO A/R Invoice Payment Deposit Let us return to the steps that occur regularly in the financial process in SAP Business One (most steps, except the financial settings, are recurring and could happen in a different order. This is an example of a common scenario): We have introduced this process in the first Unit: SAP Business One Standard Financial Processes. We will now focus on the Chart of Accounts which is involved in the first and last steps of the process. Financial Settings - when you implement SAP Business One you define: Chart of Accounts Default G/L accounts to be used when transactions are created in the different business process: Sales, Purchasing, Inventory and more. General Ledger, Chart of Accounts and Reports – all steps affect the Journal Entry file, the account balances and the financial reports. For example, the control accounts that link the business partner sub-ledger accounts to the general ledger. Another example, is the Period End Closing – that transfer the balances of the Profit and Loss accounts to a Balance Sheet account and hence affect the Profit and Loss and the Balance Sheet results.
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Define Valid Legal Chart of Accounts
You have 3 options for defining a Chart of Accounts: Select a pre-defined Chart of Account template. Define your own Chart of Accounts. Import the chart of accounts data from a legacy system. Defining the entire chart of accounts is a long, complex procedure. You can use one of the existing standard charts of accounts and adapting it to the company’s needs. Although using one of the existing standard chart of accounts will suffice in many situations, some organizations should take this opportunity to determine what the chart of account structure should look like to accommodate their needs. You need to make decisions about the chart of accounts together with the client accountant. Discuss the options conceptually – the practice of choosing a pre-defined Chart of Accounts template will be done in TB1200 course. You have 3 options for defining a Chart of Account: Select a pre-defined Chart of Account template. Select a valid legal chart of accounts. Note! once you have started to work with the company database you cannot choose a different Chart of Accounts template. You can however add, update or remove accounts in the Chart of Accounts. Define your own Chart of Accounts by selecting User Defined option. Import the chart of accounts data from your legacy system using the Data Transfer Workbench (DTW) tool. The DTW as a tool for importing accounts will be discussed in TB1200.
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Chart of Accounts Structure in Association with Financial Reports
Level 1 Account Type Financial Reports Bank account Assets Accounts Payable Account Balance Sheet Accounts Liabilities Balance Sheet Cap. + Res. Period End Closing Revenue Account Turnover Trial Balance Cost of Sales General Ledger Profit and Loss Accounts Operating C. Profit and Loss Statement Non-Operating The Chart of Accounts is organized by drawers and levels. Let us look at this example of Chart of Accounts (the chart of accounts varies according to the company’s localization). The organization of the chart of accounts follows GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) in which there is a separate “drawer” for accounts representing: Assets, Liabilities, Equity (Capital and Reserves), Revenues (Turnover), Cost of Sales, Expenses (Operation Costs), Financing (Non-Operating Income and Expenditure), and Other Revenues and Expenses (Taxation and Extraordinary Items). These drawers, which have been defined by SAP and cannot be changed, organize your accounts by level in a logical fashion appropriate to your financial accounting and reporting processes. In the General Ledger, we distinguish between Balance Sheet Accounts and Income Statement Accounts, also called Profit and Loss Accounts. Balance Sheet Accounts: The first 3 drawers: Assets, Liabilities, Equity (Capital and Reserves) hold the Balance Sheet Accounts, such as the Sales Tax account and the Accounts Payable Account. The bookkeeping balance of these accounts is kept from one fiscal year to the next. The Balance Sheet Accounts – reflect the monitory value of the company - stock, assets, debt, etc. Profit and Loss Accounts: The last 5 drawers: Revenues (Turnover), Cost of Sales, Expenses (Operation Costs), Financing (Non-Operating Income and Expenditure), and Other Revenues and Expenses (Taxation and Extraordinary Items) hold the Profit and Loss Accounts, such as the Income Accounts. Note that in some localizations, the lower drawers are not all profit and loss account drawers. The bookkeeping balance of these accounts has to be cleared at the end of each fiscal year – this is the Period End Closing process (will be discussed in Unit 4: Financial Periods Process). The Profit and Loss Accounts - reflect the changes in the company value, such as: sell stock – cost of goods sold, increase revenues. Reports: Financial reporting requirements drive most of the initial settings and configuration decisions. The different financial reports run on the account balances relevant to a selected date range and present them according to their drawer, level and type: The Balance Sheet - summarizes the value of the business assets liabilities, and owner’s equity accounts. The Trial Balance - details for each account: beginning balance for a particular period, all of the debits and credits, and the ending balance. Profit and Loss Statement – after the end of the fiscal year, the balances of the expense accounts will be subtracted from the balances of the revenue accounts to come up with the profit or the loss for the fiscal year. Tax + Extr.
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Balance Sheet Accounts Profit and Loss Accounts
Financial Reports Balance Sheet Accounts Profit and Loss Accounts Asset Accounts Liability Accounts Equity Accounts Revenue Accounts Expense Accounts Balance Sheet Profit & Loss Statement Assets Liabilities Revenue Equity ./. Expenses The profit or loss will either increase or decrease the equity on the balance sheet. = Profit/Loss
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Reflection Question: Balance Sheet Accounts
Debit Credit Assets Liabilities Equity In Unit 1: SAP Business One Standard Financial Processes, we discussed the fact that you can predict an account’s typical balance according to its activity type. Following this and after reviewing the automatic transactions created in SAP Business One, choose Debit or Credit for each drawer of the Balance Sheet accounts.
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Reflection Question: Balance Sheet Accounts Answer
Debit Credit Assets + Liabilities Equity
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Levels in the Chart of Accounts
General Ledger Level 1 Assets Liabilities Cap. + Res. Turnover Cost of Sales Operating C. Non-Operating Tax + Extr. Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Freehold Land Land & Buildings ... Tangible Assets Buildings ... Fixed Assets Plant & Machinery ... Formation Expenses ... Intangible Assets ... Patents, and so on Current Assets Title A chart of accounts arranges a company's general ledger accounts in a hierarchical structure. The top level in the structure (level 1) consists of sections or groups for different type of accounts (assets, liabilities, capital and reserves, turnover, and so on). The number of account groups depends on the localization that was selected when the company was created and cannot be modified by the user. The system displays the section as a cabinet drawer (see figure). Each drawer has a section title, which you cannot change. The system displays lower-level titles in blue and normal active accounts in black. Accounts that you have entered in the G/L Account Determination (default accounts) are displayed in green. Levels 2 through 4 can contain either active accounts or titles that combine several active accounts. Level 5 only contains active accounts. Because only active accounts can be posted to in SAP Business One, it is a good practice to have all your active accounts at the same level. In reports, a title account summarizes all the balances of each active account below it. Active Account
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Demo – Manage the Chart of Accounts
We will demonstrate the two functions for maintaining the chart of accounts: Choose Financials Chart of Accounts to: View the chart of accounts. Change the properties of an account. Tip: to view and change some of the account properties choose the Accounts Details button. Add a new G/L account to an existing title. Tip: to add a new account you must switch to Add mode (Data Add). All changes in the definition of an account are logged under Tools Change Log…. Choose Financials Edit Chart of Accounts to: Add a new title Delete an account. Tip: you can only delete an account that has no postings. Move title and accounts within the structure of the chart of accounts.
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Demo - G/L Account Properties and Account Details in the Chart of Accounts
Balance Confidential External Code Account Type Account Details Code for Exporting Default VAT group Active or On Hold Relevant to budget Alternative Account Name When you select an account in the Chart of Accounts, the system displays information for the account, including the balance. You can navigate using the orange arrow to the line item display of the account. In the line item display, the system displays the debit values in black and the credit values in green and in parentheses. In the chart of accounts display, you can mark an account as Confidential. Only users with General Authorization to confidential accounts can see and use confidential accounts. In the External Code field you can enter an alternative code for the account. The alternative code can be used by external programs that you integrate with SAP Business One. In the Account Type field, you define a Profit and Loss account as revenue account (Sales) or expense account (Expenditure). All other accounts should have the account type other. Accounts that you mark as Cash Accounts appear as cash accounts in the Cash Flow report. Generally, all your bank accounts should be defined as cash accounts. Accounts that you mark as Control Accounts can be assigned to business partners. If you choose Account Details, you can enter additional information about the account: You can define an Alternative Account Name for the account. This can be useful when your company works in different languages. You can set a G/L account as Active or On Hold for a certain period of time You can set a default VAT group (or tax code) for the account to be used by default when creating manual journal entry. If you mark the account as Relevant to Budget, and you have defined a budget, the system will apply a check before posting to the account. Information about Account Segmentation in the Appendix.
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The G/L Account and the Standard Financial Processes in SAP Business One – Recap
Tax Account in the Tax group Account Type G/L Account Determination Automatic Journal Entries Control Account – Accounts Receivable in Customers Balance Sheet Accounts Other Default Accounts in Items A/R Invoice Profit and Loss Accounts Sales Expenditure Control Account Debit Credit Accounts Receivable Customer 105 Tax account 5 Income account 100
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Exercise – Manage the Chart of Accounts
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Post a Journal Entry Financial Process
Topic 1: Manage the Chart of Accounts Topic 2: Post a Journal Entry
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Post a Journal Entry: Topic Purpose
After completing this topic, you will be able to: Explain the ways to post journal entries Post a journal entry in SAP Business One
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Post a Journal Entry: Business Example
You are implementing SAP Business One at a new customer, OEC Computers. Maria, the accountant, asks you how she can record business transactions that do not have a document in SAP Business One. You ask Maria about the type of transactions she is looking for. Maria mentions that for very small expenses she prefers using manual journal entries rather than using the A/P Invoice and the Outgoing Payment documents. She also tells you about the rent payment OEC Computers pays on a monthly basis. In addition, Maria says that at the end of the year she records the annual bonus amount for OEC Computers’ employees. You tell Maria that she can use the Journal Entry function. Moreover, you can help her in defining several templates that will help her to record the manual journal entries correctly.
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Journal Entry Manual Journal Entries SAP Business One Document
Set Document Settings Manual Journal Entries Journal Entries file SAP Business One Document Automatic Journal Entries A/R Invoice Incoming Payment Deposit In SAP Business One, a journal entry is automatically posted from many documents, such as A/R and A/P invoices. Additionally, you can manually post a journal entry directly to a G/L account or to a business partner subledger account. All journal entries are posted to one file in SAP Business One – the Journal Entries file. You can set various defaults for journal entries. You can also change some document settings for an individual journal entry. A/P Invoice Outgoing Payment Good Receipt PO
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Reference to Origin Document Type and Origin Document Number
Origin Documents A/R Invoices IN Reference to Origin Document Type and Origin Document Number Journal Entries JE Journal Entries A/P Invoices PU All journal entries refer to the type and number of the origin document (for example, IN for customer invoices) in case it was created as a result of adding another document. The origin documents of manual journal entries are the journal entries themselves. For this reason, they refer to themselves and are of type JE (journal entry). Most journal entries refers to other document types (for example, IN for customer invoices or PU for AP invoices). The Transaction Journal Report shows all the journal entries of a certain origin type in chronological order, sorted by transaction number. From here, you can go directly to the origin document for the posting. To run the Transaction Journal Report, choose Financials Financial Reports Accounting Transaction Journal Report or choose the icon on the upper tool bar. The Document Journal report is a similar report. Here you can use more options to select and tailor the output. To run the Document Journal, choose Financials Financial Reports Accounting Document Journal. The General Ledger report provides a view of the selected general ledger and business partner accounts and lists all line items that you have posted to the account. To run the General Ledger report, choose Financials Financial Reports Accounting General Ledger.
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Demo - Journal Entry To post a manual journal entry, choose Financials Journal Entry. Note: using Document Settings. Choose Administration System Initialization Document Settings and choose Journal Entry on the Per Document tab. You can also use Form Settings to change some document settings for an individual journal entry. You can also show and hide fields from the rows, using Form Settings. For example, you can show the Distribution Rule field if you want to allocate the amount from a row to a profit center.
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Journal Entry Form Fields: Document Header Data
Expanded Editing Mode for a Line Item G/L Acct/BP Code G/L Acct/BP Name Debit Credit 1000 Expenses 100,00 1775 Bank 100,00 The screen for entering journal entries manually is divided into three areas: document header data, extended editing mode for an item, and the items table. Header: In automatic journal entries created by the documents in SAP Business One, the fields are filled automatically from the document fields. In manual journal entries you set the values: The system automatically enters a number in the document header. This number is incremented with every transaction. You can define numbering series for journal entries on the Document Numbering screen, under the Administration System initialization Document Numbering. The three dates in the header default to the current system date but you can change them: Posting Date. This date determines the posting period, and therefore the fiscal period for financial reporting. You can post to an earlier or later date if the posting period is Unlocked for posting. Due Date. The date the transaction is due. Document Date. The date used for tax reporting purposes. You can use the Ref. 1 and Ref. 2 fields to enter references to associated actual documents. You can also classify the document using a transaction code, for example, as an accrual/deferral document, depreciation document, or value adjustment document. Choose Administration Setup Financials Transaction Codes to maintain the transaction codes. The system copies the description of the transaction code to the Details field. Add Cancel Cancel Template Display FC Display SC
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Journal Entry Form Fields: Expanded Editing Mode for a Line Item
Form Settings Journal Entry Document Header Data Expanded Editing Mode for a Line Item G/L Acct/BP Code G/L Acct/BP Name Debit Credit 1000 Expenses 100,00 1775 Bank 100,00 Line Items Table You can show or hide the expand editing mode. The mode always refers to the row that is currently selected and displays all the item fields for you to enter the relevant data. The Ref. 1, Ref. 2, Project, and Details fields are usually filled with the content of the fields from the header area. Using Form Settings, you can define which columns show in the line items table. Furthermore, you can store values in the settings that the system uses as default values when you enter a journal entry. In the line, place the cursor in the G/L Acct/BP Code field and press Tab to display the accounts list, or CTL + Tab to display the Business Partners Master Data list. Alternatively, you can search for an account or a business partner using the G/L Acct/BP Name field. After choosing the account or the business partner, enter an amount in debit or credit. You can enter multiple lines with debit or credit amounts. In every line you add SAP Business One will recommend a balancing amount which you can update. Once the journal entry is completed and balanced choose Add. Add Cancel Cancel Template Display FC Display SC
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Reverse Transactions Standard Reverse Transaction Incorrect Posting
Account 1 Account 2 Account 1 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 0 Increase in Totals Account 2 Reverse Transactions with Negative Amounts 2050 Account 1 Account 2 0 2050 2050 2050 -2050 -2050 Users can make input errors. As a result, the journal entry created may contain incorrect information. To provide an audit of the correction, the user must first reverse the journal entry in error, and then capture the document correctly. You can specify whether reversal transactions are performed: As standard reverse transactions As reverse transactions with negative amounts The standard reverse transaction causes the system to post the debit in error as a credit and the credit in error as a debit. This corrects the balance of the accounts. However, the standard reverse transaction causes an additional increase in the totals on the debit and credit sides, which might be misleading. The reverse transaction with negative amounts causes the system to post the debit in error as a negative debit and the credit in error as a negative credit. This not only corrects the balance of the accounts but also the totals. It depends on the country whether standard reverse transactions or reverse transactions with negative amounts are required. Choose Administration System Initialization Company Details and select the Use Negative Amount for Reverse Transaction field on the Basic Initialization tab to switch on the reverse transaction with negative amounts. This is relevant for automatic and manual journal entries. Canceling transactions – For most documents you have a canceling document. For Example, you issue an A/R Credit Memo to cancel an A/R Invoice. This document will create a canceling transaction automatically. For manual journal entries - you locate the journal entry you wish to cancel and choose Cancel from the Data menu. You approve the system message, enter any necessary changes and add the canceling journal entry. In the Remarks of the cancelling journal entry you will have ‘Reversal’ and the number of the journal entry you cancelled. The reverse method will be the standard one or the negative amount method if you defined it in the Company Details window, under the Use Negative Amount for Reverse Transaction field. 0 0 0 0 Reset of Totals
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Exercises – Enter Manual Journal Entries
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Posting Tools You can post a Journal Entry by:
Entering a manual journal entry like we have just seen in the previous slides. Using a posting template As a recurring posting. From a journal voucher.
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Posting Template with Percentages
Journal Entry Template Type: Percentage Template: Utility Code: Utility Description: Utility Bills G/L Account/BP No. G/L Account/BP Name Debit% Credit% Add Add Cancel 6320 Utilities 25 Cancel Cancel Template 6321 Electricity 75 V550 Public service 100 You can create posting templates for journal entries that have a very similar structure. These templates can contain account numbers but you can also just specify an account description in a line item if you do not yet know which exact account will be used for this line item. Instead of fixed amounts, only percentages are entered here. These percentages indicate how the total amount is distributed among the line items. The illustration shows an example of how you can allocate out a utility expense, like the electric bill, to its component expenses at a specific percentage rate. The posting template is stored under a code and with a description. Choose Financials Posting Templates to enter and maintain posting templates. When you enter a journal entry manually, choose Percentage in the Template Type field and enter the template code in the Template field or press tab and choose it from a list. Enter an amount in one of the line items and the template will allocate the amounts to the other lines based on the percentage rate.
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For Manual Journal Entries Template Type: Recurring Posting
Recurring Postings Code: Rent Description: Rental Payment G/L Account/BP No. G/L Account/BP Name Debit Credit 620000 Property Rent 1000 161000 Girobank Account 1000 Frequency: Monthly On 1 Valid to Next Execution: 10/01/10 09/30/14 Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Half Yearly Annually One Time Template Not Executed Yet SAP Business One features a recurring postings function for similar, fixed amount journal entries created on a regular basis. Choose Financials Recurring Postings to enter and maintain recurring postings. Recurring postings use a template that is stored with a code and a description. In this template, you define (among other things) the frequency in which the journal entry is supposed to be created and until when the recurring posting is valid. The possible entries in the Frequency field include: Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Quarterly, Half Yearly, Annually: You must also specify the next execution date for these entries. One time: Although a one-time recurring posting seems a bit odd, it serves a special purpose. With this you can schedule a journal entry for a specific date. Template: Journal entries that you need repeatedly but not on a regular basis can be created as this type. You can access these templates from the manual journal entry. To do so, you must specify Recurring Posting in the Template Type field. Not executed yet: If you do not need the recurring posting at present, you can turn it off with this entry. In the Valid To field, you can enter a date until which the recurring posting is valid and will be executed by the system. The system duplicates the original recurring posting (instance 0) every time the execution date arrives. Once you use this instance and add it to the system, it will be deleted. You can display a list of all the recurring postings in the system. You can then adjust these postings and confirm them. You can also configure the system so that the execution list is displayed automatically in the execution date as soon as you log on. Choose Administration System Initialization General Settings and select the Display Recurring Postings on Execution indicator on the Services tab to activate this service for your user. You can add recurring postings to the cash flow, which appear in green in the report. Frequency List For Manual Journal Entries Template Type: Recurring Posting Inactive
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Post a Journal Voucher: Business Example
Maria tells you that every now and then, a student intern that works in OEC Computers, helps her in recording manual journal entries to the accounting system. She is happy to get the assistance but wants to be able to review the journal entries the student is entering before they are registered permanently to the journal entries file. You tell Maria about the Journal Voucher option.
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Entries in Journal Voucher
Journal Vouchers Entries in Journal Voucher Entries in Journal Voucher Create Journal Voucher Journal Entries File Journal Entries File Correct and Update SAP Business One offers a two-stage procedure for creating journal entries. You can create the journal entries as drafts first, correct and post them later. When the user is creating a journal voucher it is used for storing several journal entry drafts. You can change journal voucher as long as they have not been posted yet. Then, you can access the journal voucher, make any necessary corrections, and post the entire journal voucher. You do not have to post each journal entry individually. If you do want to post the journal entries individually, however, you must create a separate journal voucher for each journal entry draft. You can save an unbalanced journal vouchers as long as it is in the draft mode. To create, change, and post journal vouchers, choose Financials Journal Vouchers. You can remove a journal voucher or delete an entry from a journal voucher, as long as they have not been posted yet. Choose the Data menu or, right-click the journal voucher row. Journal Voucher (Folder of Journal Entry Drafts)
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Exercises – Posting Tools
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Financial Process: Unit Summary
Main Terms: Chart of Accounts. Chart of Accounts template Chart of Accounts Structure in Association with Financial Reports Balance Sheet accounts, Profit and Loss accounts The Journal Entries file: Automatic journal entries Manual journal entry Journal vouchers Posting templates Recurring postings
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