1. It Blows You Away

2. "Coal, gas and oil will not be the three kings of the energy world for ever. It is no longer folly to look up to the sun and wind, down into the sea's waves"

3. Introduction

4.  Energy is a major input for overall socio- economic development of any society  The prices of the fossil fuels steeply increasing  So renewables are expected to play a key role  Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable  Wind turbines are up to the task of producing serious amounts of electricity

5. Principles

6. Uneven heating of earth’s surface and rotation

7. ForceStrengthkm/hEffect 0Calm0-1Smoke rises vertically 1Light air1-5Smoke drifts slowly 2Light breeze6-11Wind felt on face; leaves rustle 3Gentle breeze12-19Twigs move; light flag unfurls 4Moderate breeze20-29Dust and paper blown about; small branches move 5Fresh breeze30-39Wavelets on inland water; small trees move 6Strong breeze40-50Large branches sway; umbrellas turn inside out 7Near gale51-61Whole trees sway; difficult to walk against wind 8Gale62-74Twigs break off trees; walking very hard 9Strong gale75-87Chimney pots, roof tiles and branches blown down 10Storm88-101Widespread damage to buildings 11Violent Storm102-117Widespread damage to buildings 12HurricaneOver 119Devastation Beaufort Scale

9. Velocity with Height

10. Power vs. Velocity

11. Lift and drag forces

12. Solidity and Tip speed ratio

13. Performance co-efficient and Betz criterion

14. Potential

15.  Huge potential exists  Available potential can contribute five times the world energy demand  0.4% contribution to total energy

16. Wind is currently the world’s fastest growing energy source

18. Growth of Wind Energy MW Installed Year

20. Wind Energy generating capacity by country, 1980-2003

21. Installed Capacity (MW) in 2005

22. Available potential in India

23. Wind Power Density of India

24. All India Fuel wise Installed Capacity, 2004

26. State wise potential in India, 2005

27. Technology

28. Turbine Evolution Used for Pumping water Grinding grain Mainly used for Generating Electricity

29. Types of turbines VAWT  Drag is the main force  Nacelle is placed at the bottom  Yaw mechanism is not required  Lower starting torque  Difficulty in mounting the turbine  Unwanted fluctuations in the power output

30. HAWT  Lift is the main force  Much lower cyclic stresses  95% of the existing turbines are HAWTs  Nacelle is placed at the top of the tower  Yaw mechanism is required

31. Two types of HAWT DOWNWIND TURBINEUPWIND TURBINE

32. Counter Rotating HAWT  Increase the rotation speed  Rear one is smaller and stalls at high wind speeds  Operates for wider range of wind speeds

33. Offshore turbines  More wind speeds  Less noise pollution  Less visual impact  Difficult to install and maintain  Energy losses due long distance transport

34. A Typical HAWT

35. Turbine design and construction  Blades  Material used  Typical length  Tower height  Heights twice the blade length are found economical

36.  Number of blades  Three blade HAWT are most efficient  Two blade turbines don’t require a hub  As the number increases; noise, wear and cost increase and efficiency decreases  Multiple blade turbines are generally used for water pumping purposes

37.  Rotational control  Maintenance  Noise reduction  Centripetal force reduction  Mechanisms  Stalling  Furling

38.  Yaw Mechanism  To turn the turbine against the wind  Yaw error and fatigue loads  Uses electric motors and gear boxes  Wind turbine safety  Sensors – controlling vibrations  Over speed protection  Aero dynamic braking  Mechanical braking

39. Improvements  Concentrators

40. Future Wind Turbines Wind Amplified Rotor Platform

41. Disc type wind turbine oMuch more efficient than HAWT oRequires less height oLow noise oWorks in any wind direction

42. Economics

43. Determining Factors  Wind Speed  Turbine design and construction  Rated capacity of the turbine  Exact Location  Improvements in turbine design  Capital

44. Wind Speed Matters Assuming the same size project, the better the wind resource, the lower the cost.

45. Size Matters Assuming the same wind speed of 8.08 m/s, a large wind farm is more economical

46. Overall cost distribution

47. Break down of capital cost

48. Energy Cost Trend 1979: 40 cents/kWh  Increased Turbine Size  R&D Advances  Manufacturing Improvements 2004: 3 – 4.5 cents/kWh 2000: 4 - 6 cents/kWh

49. Typical cost statistics  Size: 51 MW  Wind Speed: 13-18 miles/hour  Capital cost: $ 65 million ($1300/MW)  Annual production: 150 million kW-hr  Electricity costs: 3.6-4.5 cents  Payback period: 20 years

50. Economic Advantages

51.  Greater fuel diversity  No delay in construction  Low maintenance costs  Reliable and durable equipment  Additional income to land owners  More jobs per unit energy produced  No hidden costs

53. Future

55. Wind Capital Cost

56. Cost of Wind Energy

57. Germany now and 2020  At present 10% of the country’s energy is supplied by wind energy  By 2020 it is expected to go up to 26%

58. Australia now and 2040

59. So…..  Price of wind power is coming down  There is enormous capacity  Energy storage, however, is still a problem

60. Typical Concerns

61.  Visual impact  Off shore turbines  Arrangement  Avian concerns  Suitable choice of site  Using tubular towers instead of lattice tower  Using radars

62.  Noise  Varies as 5 th power of relative wind speed  Streamlining of tower and nacelle  Acoustic insulation of nacelle  Specially designed gear box  Use of upwind turbines  Reducing angle of attack  Low tip speed ratios

63.  Changes in wind patterns  Reducing turbulence  Intermittent  Coupling with hydro or solar energy  TV, microwave, radar interference  Switching from conducting material to non-conducting and composite material

64. Conclusion

65.  Wind energy is pollution free and nature friendly  Wind energy has very good potential and it is the fastest growing energy source  The future looks bright for wind energy because technology is becoming more advanced and windmills are becoming more efficient

66. THANK YOU

67. Furling