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Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place
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Two general classes of behaviors Free operants Fixed trials
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The consequences of behavior The delivery of a reinforcement
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1. Thorndike and the law of effect That behavior that immediately preceded the appearance of a satisfying state of affairs (internal to the animal) is a reinforcer
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2. Skinner and Operant Behavior
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V. Major phenomena of instrumental learning Called operant because the animal operates on the environment to acquire a reinforcer
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Conditioned reinforcement The animal only gets rewarded when an explicit behavior is emitted. Acquiring money!!
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Note the terms One rewards the animal.
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One reinforces a response.
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What is a reinforced? The explicit narrow behavior that occurs immediately preceding the delivery of the reinforcement.
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Reinforcement & Punishment Concept – Positive Reinforcement
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Description Increasing the frequency of a behavior by following it with the presentation of a positive reinforcer – a pleasant, positive stimulus or experience
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Example Saying “Good job” after someone works hard to perform a task.
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Types of reinforces Appetitive – usually food Negative --- shock, air puff; those stimuli that deliver pain or discomfort.
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Positive Reinforcement
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Concept: Negative reinforcer
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Negative Reinforcement
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Note the following The removal of a negative stimulus is positively reinforcing – the animal will tend to do that behavior that removes itself from the cues associated with the aversive state of affairs.
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The Skinner Box Any box or device in which a reinforcer can be automatically delivered contingent on the behavior of the animal.
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Shaping The initial learning – teaching the animal to hit a bar or push a key.
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Accumulative record A “strip chart’s” ink record of the animals behavior.
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Schedules of reinforcement Reinforcement based on responses Reinforcement based on the passage of time
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Fixed Ratio Behavior (FR) Reinforcement based on the number of response accomplished. For humans, piece work – payment for the number of things accomplished
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Variable Ratio (VR) Payment (reinforcement) for the average number of responses accomplished
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Fixed Interval (FI) Reinforcement for the first response after a fixed period of time has occurred. Work by the hour, irrespective of the amount of work accomplished
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Variable Interval (VI) Reinforcement based on the first response after an average amount of time has passed.
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Interval schedules
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Combinations of schedules of reinforcement Unlimited combinations of schedules
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Partial Reinforcement Variable ratio and variable interval schedules are harder to extinguish than continues reinforcement
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Negative Control of Behavior Behavior emitted that removes an aversive state of affairs.
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Negative reinforcer Description: Increasing the frequency of a behavior by following it with the removal of an unpleasant stimulus or experience
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Concept Avoidance conditioning
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Description: Learning to make a response that avoids an unpleasant stimulus.
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Example You slow your car to the speed limit when you spot a police car, thus avoiding being stopped and reducing the fear of a fine; very resistant to extinction
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1. Escape and Avoidance
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The control of Intrinsic behavior Avoidance tasks the removal of one-self from an environment which has previously been associated with a negative reinforcement.
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Sidman Avoidance Shock-Shock interval (shock every 5 sec)
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S. A. (cont.) Response shock interval (time delay of shock/bar push)
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S. A. (cont.) Very, very hard to extinguish. VAN - chimp
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VIII. Punishment – different types
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Punishment 2 (Penalty)
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Example You learn to use the mute button on the TV remote control to remove the sound of an obnoxious commercial
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Concept Escape Conditioning
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Description: Learning to make a response that removes an unpleasant stimulus
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Example A little boy learns the crying will cut short the time that he must stay in his room
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Concept Punishment
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Description: Decreasing the frequency of a behavior by either presenting an unpleasant stimulus (punishment 1) or removing a pleasant one (punishment 2 (penalty).
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Example You swat the dog after it steals food from the table, or you take a favorite toy away from a child who misbehaves. A number of cautions should be kept in mind when using punishment (see below for an example).
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Learned helplessness Continued punishment until the animal refuses to respond even when there is no aversive state of affairs.
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Combined Operant and C. C.
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