1. Learning

3. Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov (Respondent Behavior)

4. Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) = Meat Unconditioned Response (UCR)=Salivation Neutral Stimulus = Tone Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Tone  When paired with the unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response (CR) = Salivation to tone

5. Example

7. Father spanks son for swearing. Son develops a strong fear of his father. Father is a(n) _____________?  Conditioned stimulus

8. Classical Conditioning Acquisition Extinction  Patient riding elevators to extinguish fear of elevators

9. Spontaneous recovery

10. Generalization

11. Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (Operant behavior) Associating behavior with its consequences E.g. Seals in an aquarium doing a trick to receive a fish.

12. Reinforcement Positive reinforcement  Give something a person wants  Increases behavior E.g. Mother picking up a crying baby  (Increases crying because of reinforcement) Negative reinforcement  Remove an unwanted stimulus E.g. Sally has a drink after work to relieve (remove) her anxiety

13. Pos. & Neg. Reinforcement

14. Primary & Secondary reinforcers Primary = Innately reinforcing  Food & Sex Secondary reinforcers (Conditioned reinforcer)  Associated with a primary reinforcer  E.g. Money

15. Immediate Reinforcement Sally is more influenced by the current thrill on having sex, than by the future prospect of pregnancy or a sexually transmitted disease. As opposed to delayed reinforcement  A Paycheck at the end of the month.

16. Reinforcement schedules Continuous  Every time Partial (Intermittent)  Fixed ratio $15 for every 3 pages you write  Fixed Interval $15 for every hour you work  Variable ratio $15 after varying # of pages (You do not know how many pages you will need to do before you get paid again)  Variable interval $15 given at various times during the day

17. Reinforcement Schedules

18. Punishment Positive punishment  Get something you don’t want ( a spanking) Negative punishment  What you do want is taken away ( Television time) Problem with punishment  Creates anger, fear, resistance  Less effective than positive reinforcers to promote desirable behavior.

19. Punishment

20. Shaping Cookies to reinforce quiet play M&M therapy

21. Motivation Internal (intrinsic) Motivation  Hobby - You like doing it External (outside) motivation  Job - You get money for doing it

22. Cognitive process Behavior is not automatically produced by a reward. We think about it, and ask:  How much of the reward do I get?  What are the chances of getting the reward?  Is the reward worth it?

23. Observational Learning Albert Bandura E.g. Child turning the key to start the car  (without explicit training) Matt using the ATM machine after watching Dad Modeling