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Published byLambert Martin Modified over 9 years ago
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Learning
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Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov (Respondent Behavior)
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Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) = Meat Unconditioned Response (UCR)=Salivation Neutral Stimulus = Tone Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Tone When paired with the unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response (CR) = Salivation to tone
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Example
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Father spanks son for swearing. Son develops a strong fear of his father. Father is a(n) _____________? Conditioned stimulus
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Classical Conditioning Acquisition Extinction Patient riding elevators to extinguish fear of elevators
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Spontaneous recovery
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Generalization
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Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (Operant behavior) Associating behavior with its consequences E.g. Seals in an aquarium doing a trick to receive a fish.
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Reinforcement Positive reinforcement Give something a person wants Increases behavior E.g. Mother picking up a crying baby (Increases crying because of reinforcement) Negative reinforcement Remove an unwanted stimulus E.g. Sally has a drink after work to relieve (remove) her anxiety
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Pos. & Neg. Reinforcement
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Primary & Secondary reinforcers Primary = Innately reinforcing Food & Sex Secondary reinforcers (Conditioned reinforcer) Associated with a primary reinforcer E.g. Money
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Immediate Reinforcement Sally is more influenced by the current thrill on having sex, than by the future prospect of pregnancy or a sexually transmitted disease. As opposed to delayed reinforcement A Paycheck at the end of the month.
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Reinforcement schedules Continuous Every time Partial (Intermittent) Fixed ratio $15 for every 3 pages you write Fixed Interval $15 for every hour you work Variable ratio $15 after varying # of pages (You do not know how many pages you will need to do before you get paid again) Variable interval $15 given at various times during the day
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Reinforcement Schedules
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Punishment Positive punishment Get something you don’t want ( a spanking) Negative punishment What you do want is taken away ( Television time) Problem with punishment Creates anger, fear, resistance Less effective than positive reinforcers to promote desirable behavior.
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Punishment
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Shaping Cookies to reinforce quiet play M&M therapy
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Motivation Internal (intrinsic) Motivation Hobby - You like doing it External (outside) motivation Job - You get money for doing it
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Cognitive process Behavior is not automatically produced by a reward. We think about it, and ask: How much of the reward do I get? What are the chances of getting the reward? Is the reward worth it?
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Observational Learning Albert Bandura E.g. Child turning the key to start the car (without explicit training) Matt using the ATM machine after watching Dad Modeling
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