1. AOS 1: Learning Operant Conditioning

2. One of Thorndike's most important findings from his experiments on cats in puzzle boxes was that: A. punishment was very effective in modifying the cats' behaviour B. the cats' behaviour was easy to negatively reinforce C. the cats learned to obtain a reward through trial and error D. the cats behaviour was difficult to reinforce

3. One of Thorndike's most important findings from his experiments on cats in puzzle boxes was that: A. punishment was very effective in modifying the cats' behaviour B. the cats' behaviour was easy to negatively reinforce C. the cats learned to obtain a reward through trial and error D. the cats behaviour was difficult to reinforce

4. Thorndike's notion that behaviours that are reinforced tend to be repeated is known as A. the punishment principleB. the law of effect C. Pavlovian conditioningD. negative reinforcement

5. Thorndike's notion that behaviours that are reinforced tend to be repeated is known as A. the punishment principleB. the law of effect C. Pavlovian conditioningD. negative reinforcement

6. In operant conditioning an important connection forms between the A.unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus B. stimulus and whatever occurs before it C. unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response D. behaviour and the reinforcement that follows it

7. In operant conditioning an important connection forms between the A.unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus B. stimulus and whatever occurs before it C. unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response D. behaviour and the reinforcement that follows it

8. Maia's parents are trying to encourage her to keep her room tidy. At the end of each week, if her room is tidy, they give Maia $5 pocket money. Maia's parents are applying a schedule of reinforcement known as A.fixed intervalB. fixed ratio C. variable intervalD. variable ratio

9. Maia's parents are trying to encourage her to keep her room tidy. At the end of each week, if her room is tidy, they give Maia $5 pocket money. Maia's parents are applying a schedule of reinforcement known as A.fixed intervalB. fixed ratio C. variable intervalD. variable ratio

10. Joe's parents also want him to keep his room tidy but are using a different method of encouragement. Whenever his room is untidy, Joe is not permitted to use Facebook or Twitter until he tidies it. A.positive reinforcementB. Modelling C. negative reinforcementD. shaping

11. Joe's parents also want him to keep his room tidy but are using a different method of encouragement. Whenever his room is untidy, Joe is not permitted to use Facebook or Twitter until he tidies it. A.positive reinforcementB. Modelling C. negative reinforcementD. shaping

12. Which one of the following statements is true about the effectiveness of reinforcement when using operant conditioning to train animals? A.The reinforcer must provide a pleasurable consequence for the animal B. The reinforcement must be presented before the desired response C. The reinforcer must be presented within 24 hours after the response D. The reinforcer must be presented every time the desired response occurs

13. Which one of the following statements is true about the effectiveness of reinforcement when using operant conditioning to train animals? A.The reinforcer must provide a pleasurable consequence for the animal B. The reinforcement must be presented before the desired response C. The reinforcer must be presented within 24 hours after the response D. The reinforcer must be presented every time the desired response occurs

14. During operant conditioning, the learner is _______________ ; whereas during classical conditioning the learner is _____________. A.passive; activeB. reinforced; not reinforced C. active; passiveD. not reinforced; reinforced

15. During operant conditioning, the learner is _______________ ; whereas during classical conditioning the learner is _____________. A.passive; activeB. reinforced; not reinforced C. active; passiveD. not reinforced; reinforced

16. In Operant conditioning, negative reinforcement involves A.removing an aversive stimulus and so increasing the likelihood of a response occurring B. removing an aversive stimulus and so decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring C. providing a stimulus and so increasing the likelihood of a response occurring D. providing a stimulus and so decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring

17. In Operant conditioning, negative reinforcement involves A.removing an aversive stimulus and so increasing the likelihood of a response occurring B. removing an aversive stimulus and so decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring C. providing a stimulus and so increasing the likelihood of a response occurring D. providing a stimulus and so decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring

18. Sarah's two year old son frequently had tantrums. Sarah decided to seek the help of a therapist. The therapist suggested that Sarah should ignore her son while he was screaming and yelling and when he was calm she should talk reassuringly to him and give him a cuddle. Sarah, was using the principles of ___________________ to change her son's behaviour. The giving of a cuddle is an example of ___________________. A.operant conditioning; positive reinforcement B. operant conditioning; negative reinforcement C. classical conditioning; positive reinforcement D. classical conditioning; negative reinforcement

19. Sarah's two year old son frequently had tantrums. Sarah decided to seek the help of a therapist. The therapist suggested that Sarah should ignore her son while he was screaming and yelling and when he was calm she should talk reassuringly to him and give him a cuddle. Sarah, was using the principles of ___________________ to change her son's behaviour. The giving of a cuddle is an example of ___________________. A.operant conditioning; positive reinforcement B. operant conditioning; negative reinforcement C. classical conditioning; positive reinforcement D. classical conditioning; negative reinforcement

20. Paul has learnt to ask his mother for extra pocket money only when she is in a good mood. Paul's behaviour is an example of: A. shapingB. stimulus generalisation C. unconditioned stimulusD. stimulus discrimination

21. Paul has learnt to ask his mother for extra pocket money only when she is in a good mood. Paul's behaviour is an example of: A. shapingB. stimulus generalisation C. unconditioned stimulusD. stimulus discrimination

22. Consequences that strengthen responses due to escape from or avoidance of unpleasant stimuli are ____________ reinforcers A. negativeB. positive C. primaryD. secondary

23. Consequences that strengthen responses due to escape from or avoidance of unpleasant stimuli are ____________ reinforcers A. negativeB. positive C. primaryD. secondary

24. Jarrod’s dog tries to dig in his indoor pot plants and often knocks them over. Each time the dog knocks over a plant Jarrod locks the dog in the laundry for a few minutes. The consequence for the dog, which is applied by Jarrod, is a ______________ because he is trying to __________________ A. punishment; decrease the likelihood of a response occurring B. punishment; increase the likelihood of a response occurring C. negative reinforcement; decrease the likelihood of a response occurring D. negative reinforcement; increase the likelihood of a response occurring

25. Jarrod’s dog tries to dig in his indoor pot plants and often knocks them over. Each time the dog knocks over a plant Jarrod locks the dog in the laundry for a few minutes. The consequence for the dog, which is applied by Jarrod, is a ______________ because he is trying to __________________ A. punishment; decrease the likelihood of a response occurring B. punishment; increase the likelihood of a response occurring C. negative reinforcement; decrease the likelihood of a response occurring D. negative reinforcement; increase the likelihood of a response occurring

26. Which of the following statements about the use of punishment as a reinforcement technique is correct? A. punishment has no effect on behaviour B. punishment may inadvertently act as a reinforcer C. punishment decreases the frequency of desirable behaviours D. punishment decreases the likelihood of avoidance behaviour

27. Which of the following statements about the use of punishment as a reinforcement technique is correct? A. punishment has no effect on behaviour B. punishment may inadvertently act as a reinforcer C. punishment decreases the frequency of desirable behaviours D. punishment decreases the likelihood of avoidance behaviour

28. Behaviours acquired by the _____________ schedule of reinforcement are learned quickly and maintain a maximal rate of responding A.fixed ratioB. fixed interval C. variable ratioD. variable interval

29. Behaviours acquired by the _____________ schedule of reinforcement are learned quickly and maintain a maximal rate of responding A.fixed ratioB. fixed interval C. variable ratioD. variable interval

30. A soft-drink vending machine operates on a ____________ reinforcement schedule, while a gaming machine operates on a _____________ reinforcement schedule A.variable ratio; fixed intervalB. fixed ratio; variable interval C. partial; continuousD. continuous; partial

31. A soft-drink vending machine operates on a ____________ reinforcement schedule, while a gaming machine operates on a _____________ reinforcement schedule A.variable ratio; fixed intervalB. fixed ratio; variable interval C. partial; continuousD. continuous; partial

32. Punishment … A. Aims to remove desirable behaviours without necessarily replacing them with undesirable ones B. can lead to aggressive behaviour C. should not be administered consistently and immediately for maximum effect D. does not lead to the reduction of undesirable behaviours

33. Punishment … A. Aims to remove desirable behaviours without necessarily replacing them with undesirable ones B. can lead to aggressive behaviour C. should not be administered consistently and immediately for maximum effect D. does not lead to the reduction of undesirable behaviours

34. In many of Skinner's original experiments, which schedule of reinforcement led to the most rapid acquisition of learned behaviour? A.continuous reinforcement schedule B. continuous punishment schedule C. fixed interval scheduleD. variable ratio schedule

35. In many of Skinner's original experiments, which schedule of reinforcement led to the most rapid acquisition of learned behaviour? A.continuous reinforcement schedule B. continuous punishment schedule C. fixed interval scheduleD. variable ratio schedule

36. Many of Skinner's original experiments used: A.an operant conditioning chamber B. a Pavlovian conditioning laboratory C. childrenD. cats in puzzle boxes

37. Many of Skinner's original experiments used: A.an operant conditioning chamber B. a Pavlovian conditioning laboratory C. childrenD. cats in puzzle boxes

38. In Skinner's original experiments, behaviour that had been conditioned by which type of schedule was found to be the most difficult to extinguish? A.punishment scheduleB. fixed schedule C. continuous reinforcement schedule D. variable schedule

39. In Skinner's original experiments, behaviour that had been conditioned by which type of schedule was found to be the most difficult to extinguish? A.punishment scheduleB. fixed schedule C. continuous reinforcement schedule D. variable schedule

40. Which type of learning is seen as discouraging bad behaviour instead of encouraging positive behaviour? A.positive reinforcementB. modelling C. negative reinforcementD. punishment

41. Which type of learning is seen as discouraging bad behaviour instead of encouraging positive behaviour? A.positive reinforcementB. modelling C. negative reinforcementD. punishment

42. In classical conditioning, the learned response is _________________, while in operant conditioning the learned response is __________________. A.voluntary; reflexiveB. spontaneous; involuntary C. reflexive; voluntaryD. involuntary; reflexive

43. In classical conditioning, the learned response is _________________, while in operant conditioning the learned response is __________________. A.voluntary; reflexiveB. spontaneous; involuntary C. reflexive; voluntaryD. involuntary; reflexive

44. Andrew wants to train his daughter Piper to say the word 'butter'. In the beginning he rewards Piper for saying 'bu', then Andrew starts to reward Piper for saying 'bud', and then 'budder'. Finally after a series of these steps Piper consistently says 'butter'. Piper has been trained using the behaviour principle of A.classical conditioningB. negative reinforcement C. extinctionD. shaping

45. Andrew wants to train his daughter Piper to say the word 'butter'. In the beginning he rewards Piper for saying 'bu', then Andrew starts to reward Piper for saying 'bud', and then 'budder'. Finally after a series of these steps Piper consistently says 'butter'. Piper has been trained using the behaviour principle of A.classical conditioningB. negative reinforcement C. extinctionD. shaping

46. The word 'operant' in Skinner's operant conditioning refers to A.the environment in which an organism is conditioned B. the process by which an organism learns to discriminate between different types of reinforcers C. an organism's response or behaviour that acts on the environment and leads to some sort of outcome D. the positive or negative outcome of an organism's behaviour

47. The word 'operant' in Skinner's operant conditioning refers to A.the environment in which an organism is conditioned B. the process by which an organism learns to discriminate between different types of reinforcers C. an organism's response or behaviour that acts on the environment and leads to some sort of outcome D. the positive or negative outcome of an organism's behaviour

48. Which schedule of reinforcement results in the slowest acquisition of behaviour? A. fixed ratioB. fixed interval C. variable ratioD. variable interval

49. Which schedule of reinforcement results in the slowest acquisition of behaviour? A. fixed ratioB. fixed interval C. variable ratioD. variable interval

50. Behaviours learned through classical conditioning, when compared with behaviours learned through operant conditioning, are more likely to be A. deliberateB. goal directed C. unintentionalD. conscious

51. Behaviours learned through classical conditioning, when compared with behaviours learned through operant conditioning, are more likely to be A. deliberateB. goal directed C. unintentionalD. conscious